Adams, Sarah Flower, was born at Harlow, England, February 22, 1805; and died in London August 21, 1848. Sarah Flower was the younger daughter of Benjamin Flower, editor and proprietor of the Cambridge Intelligencer. In 1834 she married John Brydges Adams, a civil engineer and inventor. She is represented by her friends as being beautiful, intelligent, and high-minded. Mrs. Adams had a gift for lyric poetry, and wrote thirteen hymns for her pastor, the Rev. William Johnson Fox, an Independent minister. These were all published in Hymns and Anthems, London, 1841. Several of these hymns have come into common use, but her masterpiece is the one found in this book:

Addison, Joseph, whose fame is coextensive with English literature, was the son of Rev. Lancelot Addison, Dean of Lichfield, England, and was born May 1, 1672. He was educated at Oxford, and early developed poetic talent. His literary contributions were made chiefly to the Tattler, the Guardian and the Spectator. He is the author of five hymns, all of which appeared in the Spectator in 1712. It has been claimed that Andrew Marvell is the author of two of these hymns ("The spacious firmament on high" and "When all thy mercies, O my God"), but this claim is not justified by the historical facts, which are too lengthy to present here. Addison died June 17, 1719, being a devout and consistent member of the Church of England. His last effort at writing was on an article upon the Christian Religion. At the time of his death he was contemplating a poetic version of the Psalms. "The piety of Addison," says Macaulay, "was in truth of a singularly cheerful kind. The feeling which predominates in all his devotional writings is gratitude; and on that goodness to which he ascribed all the happiness of his life he relied in the hour of death with a love which casteth out fear." The three hymns by Addison are among the finest in this collection:

Alexander, Cecil Frances, daughter of Maj. John Humphreys, was born in Ireland in 1823. In 1850 she married the Rt. Rev. William Alexander, Bishop of Derry. She wrote "The Burial of Moses," and was the author of several books of poetry. Among them were: Verses for Holy Seasons, 1846; Hymns for Little Children, 1848; Hymns Descriptive and Devotional, 1858; and The Legend of the Golden Prayers, 1859. She was the author of many hymns, several of which have been widely used, as, for example, "There is a green hill far away." She died at Londonderry October 12, 1895.

Alexander, James Waddell, an eminent clergyman of the Presbyterian Church and the son of a no less distinguished divine (Rev. Archibald Alexander, D.D.), was born at Hopewell, Va., March 13, 1804. After graduating at Princeton College, he entered the ministry and was a pastor in Charlotte County; Va., and later in Trenton, N. J. He then became a professor in Princeton College, and in 1844 a pastor in New York City. In 1849 he returned to Princeton, becoming a professor in the Theological Seminary, which position he resigned at the end of three years, his heart yearning to get back into the regular work of the ministry. He now became pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, in New York City. He died July 31, 1859. Dr. Alexander's only hymn in this collection is a translation:

Alford, Henry, widely known as the author of The Greek Testament with Notes and other volumes, was born in London October 7, 1810; was pious from his youth, and in his sixteenth year wrote the following dedication in his Bible: "I do this day, in the presence of God and my own soul, renew my covenant with God, and solemnly determine henceforth to become his and to do his work as far as in me lies." He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, ordained in 1833, and soon made a reputation as an eloquent preacher and sound biblical critic. He was appointed Dean of Canterbury in 1857, which distinction he held to the day of his death, in 1871. Dean Alford's Poetical Works (two volumes) were published in London in 1845. An American edition was published in Boston in 1853. He was the editor of The Year of Praise, a hymn and tune book intended primarily for use in Canterbury Cathedral, 1867. Four of his hymns appear in this collection:

Amis, Lewis Randolph, a Southern Methodist minister, was born in Maury County, Tenn., December 7, 1856; graduated at Vanderbilt University in 1878, and that same year joined the Tennessee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, as an itinerant preacher. He filled many important appointments, being pastor at Pulaski, Tenn., when he died, in 1904. A useful and greatly beloved minister.

Andrew of Crete, so called because he was bishop of the island of Crete, was born in Damascus in 660. He died about 732. He was deputed by Theodore, Patriarch of Jerusalem, to attend the sixth General Council at Constantinople (680). He was also a member of the Pseudo-Synod of Constantinople, held in 712, which revived the Monothelite heresy. Afterwards he returned to the faith of the Church. Seventeen of his homilies remain to us. His most ambitious poem is called "The Great Canon." it contains more than three hundred stanzas, yet it is sung right through on Thursday of mid-lent week in the Greek Church.

Anstice, Joseph, was born in Shropshire, England, in 1808. Soon after leaving Oxford University, where he took a high stand as a student, he became Professor of Classical Literature in King's College, London. He was a member of the Church of England. He died February 29, 1836, being twenty-eight years old. It was during the last evenings of his life, when he was a great sufferer, that he dictated to his wife the hymns (fifty-two in number) which were collected and published the year he died for private distribution. From this collection the following hymn was taken:

Auber, Harriet, was born October 4, 1773; and died January 20, 1862. She led a quiet and contented life, writing much, but publishing only one volume. The full title of this book was: The Spirit of the Psalms; A Compressed Version of Select Portions of the Psalms of David. It was published anonymously in 1829. It is not entirely original; some pieces were selected from well-known writers. This book is sometimes confounded with The Spirit of the Psalms, by the Rev. H. F. Lyte, but it is entirely different. The author became known through the Rev. Henry Auber Harvey. In a note to Daniel Sedgwick, dated November 25, 1862, he wrote: "The Spirit of the Psalms was partly a compilation and partly the composition of the late Miss Harriet Auber, an aunt of my mother's; and the preface to the book was drawn up by the editor, my late father, Mr. Harvey, a canon of Bristol." Julian, in the Dictionary of Hymnology, gives the first lines of twenty-five of Miss Auber's hymns which he says are in common use. This Hymnal contains only three:

Babcock, Maltbie Davenport, an American Presbyterian clergyman, was born in Syracuse, N. Y., August 3, 1858; and died at Naples, Italy, May 18, 1901. He was graduated at Syracuse University in 1879, and Auburn Theological Seminary in 1883. He filled most successful and popular pastorates at Lockport, N. Y., Baltimore, Md., and at the Brick Presbyterian Church, in New York. While on a visit to the Levant in 1901 he was seized with the Mediterranean fever, and died under pathetic circumstances in the International Hospital, at Naples. He was a man of extraordinary personality and influence both in the social circle and in the pulpit. A volume of his prose and verse, edited by his wife, appeared soon after his death, entitled Thoughts for Every-Day Living, 1901. Dr. Babcock's writings show strength, delicacy of thought, and great originality.

Baker, Sir Henry Williams, an eminent English clergyman, son of Sir Henry L. Baker, born in London May 27, 1821; educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1844. He took holy orders in 1844, and became vicar of Monkland, Herefordshire, in 1851, which benefice he held until his death. He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1851. He is best known as editor in chief of Hymns Ancient and Modern, to which he contributed several of his hymns. Dr. Julian says: "Of his hymns four only are in the highest strain of jubilation, another four are bright and cheerful, and the remainder are very tender but exceedingly plaintive, sometimes even to sadness." The language of his hymns is smooth and simple, the thought is correct and sometimes very beautifully expressed. He died February 12, 1877. His last audible words were a quotation of the third stanza of his own exquisite rendering of the twenty-third Psalm, No. 136 in this book:

Bakewell, John, a Wesleyan lay preacher, was born at Brailsford, in Derbyshire, in 1721. He was a man of piety, earnestness, and consecration. He was made a lay preacher in 1749, and proved to be one of Mr. Wesley's most efficient workers. He was for several years Master of the Greenwich Royal Park Academy. It was in his house that Thomas Olivers wrote his justly famous and much-admired hymn, "The God of Abraham praise." He was an eminently useful man, and lived to a ripe old age, being ninety-eight years old when he died, in 1819. He was buried in City Road Chapel not far from the tomb of John Wesley. The epitaph upon his tombstone states that "he adorned the doctrines of God our Saviour eighty years, and preached his glorious gospel about seventy years." He composed many hymns "which remain in the manuscript beautifully written," but only one finds a place in modern Church hymnals:

Barbauld, Anna Letitia, was a daughter of the Rev. John Aikin, D.D., an English Dissenting minister. She was born June 20, 1743, and early in life gave evidence of poetic talent. She had a great desire for a classical education, to which her father strongly objected. At length she prevailed in some measure, and was permitted to read Latin and Greek. She published her first volume of poems in 1773. In 1774 she married the Rev. Rochemont Barbauld, a young man of French descent, who attended a school at Warrington, where her father was a classical Instructor. Mr. Barbauld had charge of a Dissenting congregation at Palgrave. They also opened a boarding school, which they carried on successfully for eleven years. Mr. Barbauld afterwards held other pastoral relations, and died in 1808. Mrs. Barbauld occupied her time and mind in literary pursuits, editing various works and contributing to the press. She died March 9, 1825.

Barber, Mary Ann Serrett, was an Englishwoman, the daughter of Thomas Barber. She wrote many poems for the Church of England Magazine, and was the author of several books. One of these, Bread Winning; or, The Ledger and the Lute, an Autobiography, by M. A. S. Barber, was published in 1865. Miss Barber died in Brighton, England, March 9, 1864, at the age of sixty-three years.

Baring-Gould, Sabine, an English clergyman, was born in Exeter, England, January 28, 1834. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, receiving the degrees of B.A., 1854, and M.A., 1856. He took orders in 1864. His prose works are numerous and well known: Lives of the Saints, in fifteen volumes, 1872-77; Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, in two series, 1866-68; The Origin and Development of Religious Belief, two volumes, 1869-70. He is the author of a number of fine hymns, the best-known of which is "Onward, Christian soldiers." He published a volume of original Church Songs in 1884. From 1854 to 1906 he had published eighty-five volumes. His present address is Lew-Trenchard House, North Devon.

Barton, Bernard, widely known as the "Quaker Poet," was born in London January 31, 1784, and was educated at a Quaker school at Ipswich. In 1810 he was employed at a local bank at Woodbridge, Suffolk, where he remained forty years. He was the author of eight or ten small volumes of verse between 1812 and 1845. From these books some twenty pieces have come into common use as hymns. He died at Woodbridge in 1849. His daughter published his Poems and Letters, 1849, after his death. His writings show a familiarity with the Scriptures and a love for good men. "Light" is the keynote to each of his three hymns found in this volume:

Bateman, Henry, an English layman and successful business man, was born March 6, 1802; and died in 1872. He was much interested in literary and religious work. He was the author of several volumes of verse, the most successful of which was Sunday Sunshine: New Hymns and Poems for the Young, 1858. From this book some forty hymns have come into common use.

Bathurst, William Hiley, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Cleve Dale, ar Bristol, England, August 28, 1796. He was the son of Charles Bragge, who was member of Parliament for Bristol, and who, upon inheriting his uncle's estate, assumed his name, Bathurst. He graduated at Christ Church College, Oxford, and was ordained a priest of the Church of England in 1819. The following year he became rector of Barwick-in-Elmet, Yorkshire, where he mained thirty-two years. His biographer, speaking of these years of ministerial service, says: "Faithfully devoting himself to the spiritual welfare of his parishioners, he greatly endeared himself to them all by his eminent piety, his great simplicity of character, his tender love, and his abundant generosity." In 1852 he resigned his living and retired to private life because of conscientious scruples in relation to parts of the baptismal and burial services of the Church. In 1863, upon the death of his older brother, he succeeded to the family estate of Sidney Park, Gloucestershire, where he died November 25, 1877. His published works are: Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Use, 1831 (which volume contains 132 psalms and 206 hymns from his pen); The Georgics of Virgil, 1849; Metrical Musings; or, Thoughts on Sacred Subjects in Verse, 1849.

Baxter, Lydia, the writer of "There is a gate that stands ajar" and other popular hymns, was born in Petersburg, N. Y., September 2, 1809. She was converted early in life, and united with the Baptist Church. Later in life she resided in New York City. She was an invalid for many years, but a patient and cheerful sufferer. She died June 22, 1874. A volume of her poems, titled Gems by the Wayside, was published in 1855.

Baxter, Richard, an eminent Puritan divine and voluminous author of the seventeenth century, is best known to Christians of the present day by his Call to the Unconverted and his Saint's Everlasting Rest. When about twenty-five years of age he entered the ministry, and was appointed to the parish of Kidderminster (1640). Here he remained until "for conscience' sake" he, along with many other Nonconformist divines, was driven out from his weeping flock by the "Act of Uniformity" passed in 1662. He now ceased to preach; but being caught holding family prayers "with more than four persons," he was, under the conditions of the "Conventicle Act" (1564), arrested and imprisoned for six months. He lived in retirement until 1672, when the "Act of Indulgence" gave him liberty to preach and to publish. But in 1685 the infamous Jeffries had him arrested and shamefully convicted of sedition, the foundation for the charge being found in his Paraphrase of the New Testament, for which he was imprisoned two years. He endured this unjust and cruel imprisonment with Christian patience and resignation, which finds illustration in the hymn below. His pastorate of twenty-two years at Kidderminster was faithful and untiring in the ministry of the Word, and was followed by rich spiritual fruits in the improved lives and characters of his six hundred parishioners. He exemplified his own couplet:

In few hymns are the faith and fidelity of the author more truly expressed than in this hymn by Baxter.

Beddome, Benjamin, an English Baptist minister, was born in Warwickshire January 23, 1717. He was apprenticed to an apothecary in Bristol; but when he was twenty years of age he was converted, and soon after began to prepare for the ministry. In 1743 he was ordained and became the pastor of a small Baptist Church at Bourton. Later he received an urgent call to a Church in London; but he refused the call and remained at Bourton fifty-two years--until his death, September 3, 1795. It was a frequent custom with him to write a hymn to be sung after his morning sermon. A number of these hymns were published in Rippon's Selection, 1787, and so came into common use. A volume of his hymns, over eight hundred in number, was Published in 1818. James Montgomery, in the preface to his Christian Psalmist, quotes the first stanza of one of Beddome's hymns as follows,

and makes this just remark: "His name would deserve to be held in everlasting remembrance if he had left no other memorial of the excellent spirit which was in him than these few humble verses." Beddome's hymns have been more highly appreciated in America than in his native country. The honorary degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him in 1770 by Rhode Island College, now Brown University.

Bernard of Clairvaux, an eminent monk, theologian, scholar, preacher, and poet, was born at Fontaine, near Dijon, in Burgundy, France, in 1091. Aletta, his mother, was a devotedly pious woman, and consecrated her son to God from his birth. "Her death chamber was his spiritual birthplace." He was educated at Paris. Being naturally fond of seclusion, meditation, and study, and living in the twelfth century, it is not surprising that one so piously inclined as he soon sought a home in the cloister. At twenty-two years of age he entered the small monastery of Citeaux, and later he founded and made famous that of Clairvaux, where by fasting and self-mortification he became an emaciated monk, but with it all one of the most conspicuous and influential characters in Europe. Kings and popes sought his advice. His enthusiasm and impassioned eloquence were all but irresistible. He died August 20, 1153. His life was pure, his faith strong, his love ardent, his courage inflinching, his piety unquestioned. Luther greatly admired him and thought him "the greatest monk that ever lived." His published works are in five folio volumes. His Sacred Songs of Praise have long been the admiration of the Church. Christ crucified was the theme of his preaching and of his song, as the four hymns here given will testify. His love for Christ amounted to a deep and ardent passion that was unconscious of using terms of endearment not altogether becoming to so divine a theme.

Bernard of Cluny was a monk of the twelfth century; the exact dates of his birth and death are not known. His parents were English, but he was born at Morlaix, France. He was an inmate of the Abbey of Cluny, and dedicated his famous poem to Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny from 1122 to 1156. His long poem, about three thousand lines, was a satire against the vices and follies of his time. Dr. Neale, who gives a translation of four hundred lines in the third edition of his Mediaeval Hymns, 1868, says of this poem: "The greater part is a bitter satire on the fearful corruptions of the age. But, as a contrast to the misery and pollution of earth, the poem opens with a description of the peace and glory of heaven of such rare beauty as not easily to be matched by any mediaeval composition on the same subject." It is this part of the poem that Dr. Neale translated and from which our hymns are taken.

Berridge, John, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born in Nottinghamshire March 1, 1716. He became Vicar of Everton in 1755, and remained there until his death, January 22, 1793. His preaching was at first sadly lacking in spirituality; but being happily converted, he became one of the most earnest of the evangelical clergymen who sympathized with and aided the Methodist revival. Frequent allusions to him are found in the writings of John Wesley, who esteemed him highly and found in him a helpful coworker. He was never married. In 1785 he published a volume of hymns titled Zion's Songs. His "wedding hymn," a prayer in song for the divine blessing on the bridal couple, is the only one of his three hundred and forty-two hymns that finds a place in this collection:

Bethune, George Washington, an eminent divine of the Reformed Dutch Church, was born in New York March 18, 1805. He was graduated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., in 1823, and studied theology at Princeton, N. J. In 1827 he became pastor of a Reformed Dutch Church at Rhinebeck, N. Y.; in 1830, at Utica, N. Y.; in 1834 he passed to Philadelphia, and in 1850 to Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1861 he went abroad for his health. He died at Florence, Italy, April 27, 1862, suddenly after preaching. Dr. Bethune wrote occasional hymns and poems for more than thirty years. One of his first compositions was a sailor's hymn beginning, "Tossed upon life's raging billow," which appeared in The Christian Lyre, 1830. A collection of his poems, Lays of Love and Faith, was published in Philadelphia in 1847.

Bickersteth, Edward Henry, a bishop of the church of England, son of Edward Bickersteth, rector of Walton, was born at Islington, England, January 25, 1825. He was graduated at Cambridge University B.A. 1847, M.A. 1850). Taking holy orders in the Church of England in 1848, he became curate first at Banningham, Norfolk, and then at Tunbridge Wells; and in 1852 became rector of Hinton-Martell and vicar of Christ Church, Hampstead in 1855. He became Dean of Gloucester in 1885, and that same year he was appointed Bishop of Exeter. Beginning with a volume of Poems in 1849, he published successively no less than twelve volumes, the most widely known being his extended poem titled Yesterday, To-Day, and Forever, 1867, and The Spirit of Life, 1868. He edited and published in 1858 a volume titled Psalms and Hymns. His Hymnal Companion first edition 1870, last edition 1890) called forth from Dr. Julian, editor of the Dictionary of Hymnology, these high words of praise: "Of its kind and from its theological standpoint, as an evangelical hymn book, it is in poetic grace, literary excellence, and lyric beauty, the finest collection in the Anglican Church;" and the author's contributions to this volume are pronounced "very beautiful and of much value." He retired from active work in 1900, and died May 16, 1906. Four of his hymns are in this collection:

Blacklock, Thomas, was born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, November 10, 1721. He lost his sight by smallpox when an infant, but was nevertheless well educated and ordained a minister in 1762. Two years later he retired to Edinburgh and spent his time in teaching and authorship. An edition of his poems, which are characterized by elegant mediocrity, was published in 1793. He died July 7, 1791.

Bode, John Ernest, a clergyman in the Church of England, was born in 1816. He was educated at Eton and at Oxford, graduating at Christ's Church in 1837, and took orders in 1841. He was a rector several years, and for a time a tutor of his college. He delivered the Bampton Lectures in 1855. He published Short Occasional Poems, 1858, and Hymns from the Gospel of the Day for Each Sunday and Festivals of Our Lord, 1860. He died October 6, 1874.

Boehm, Anthony Wilhelm, a German writer, was born in 1673; and died in 1722. Very little is known of him. He translated and published Arndt's True Christianity in 1712, in which volume was a translation of St. Bernard's "Jesu, Dulcis Memoria," which J. C. Jacobi altered and published in his Psalmodia Germanica, 1732. Jacobi's version was in turn altered by others, and among these alterations the one found in Madan's Psalms and Hymns, 1760, beginning, "Of Him who did salvation bring," has long been a favorite with American Methodists. If any hymn in our Hymnal has to be traced back through a long genealogy, this one surely has.

Bonar, Horatius, a distinguished Presbyterian divine, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, December 19, 1808; and was educated at the high school and University of Edinburgh. He was ordained in 1837, and became a minister of the Established Church of Scotland at Kelso. At the Disruption in 1843 he became one of the founders of the Free Church of Scotland. The University of Aberdeen gave him the doctorate in 1853. In 1866 he became the minister of the Chalmers Memorial Church, in Edinburgh. Dr. Bonar died July 31, 1889. He was a voluminous writer of sacred poetry, and more than one hundred of his hymns are in common use. He published the following books, in which most of his hymns are found: Songs of the Wilderness, 1843-44; The Bible Hymn Book, 1845; Hymns Original and Selected, 1846; Hymns of Faith and Hope, first series, 1857 (second series, 1864; third series, 1867); Hymns of the Nativity, 1879; Communion Hymns, 1881. Dr. Bonar was an able, pious man and a sweet singer, though as a premillenarian some of his poems are plaintive and sad almost to pessimism. Twelve of his hymns are found in this book. He died July 31, 1889.

Bonar, Jane Catherine, the wife of Dr. Horatius Bonar, was the youngest daughter of Rev. Robert Lundie, of Kelso, Scotland (where she was born, December, 1821), and sister of that devotedly pious woman, Mary Lundie Duncan, whose Memoir was written by her gifted mother. She was married to Dr. Bonar in 1843, and died at Edinburgh December 3, 1885. Her hymns, which are few in number, appeared in her husband's Songs for the Wilderness, 1843-44, and Bible Hymn Book, 1845.

Borthwick, Jane, was born in Edinburgh April 9, 1813. In connection with her sister, Mrs. Sarah Findlater, wife of Rev. Eric J. Findlater, she translated Hymns from the Land of Luther, 1854. Miss Borthwick not only translated many German hymns, but wrote a number of original poems. Many of them were collected and published under the title of Thoughts for Thoughtful Hours, 1857. She died September 7, 1897.

Bourignon, Antoinette, a gifted and pious, but eccentric, mystic of the seventeenth century, was born January 13, 1616. She became fascinated at an early age with books of devotion and with a life of celibacy. She twice fled from home to escape marriage, into which relation her parents wished her to enter. Her father died in 1648, leaving her possessed of considerable wealth. Wishing to do good with her worldly means, she took charge of a foundling hospital in 1653. She joined the order of Augustines in 1667. She attracted great attention by her tracts and discourses. Renouncing Roman Catholicism, she declared herself divinely called to found a new and pure communion. She became an object of persecution, and fled from place to place. She died at Franeker, in Friesland, October 30, 1680. Her works were published in nineteen volumes in 1686. One of her works, The Light of the World, was translated into English, and met with such a large sale and was of such influence in Great Britain that at one time all the candidates for the Presbyterian ministry were required to disavow all belief in or sympathy with "Bourignonism." The fact that for twenty years she boasted that she had not read a word of the Holy Scripture shows the erratic character of her piety. But by John Wesley's (or possibly John Byrom's?) rare power of translation we have from her a most useful hymn, which was written in 1640, at the time when she renounced the world for a religious life.

Bourne, William St. Hill, a Church of England clergyman, was born in 1846. He was educated at the London College of Divinity, and took orders in 1869. He is the author of a number of hymns and poems, only one of which is found in this collection. He published A Supplementary Hymnal in 1898. He became rector of Finchley in 1900.

Bowring, Sir John, an eminent English politician, statesman, foreign minister, and literary man, was born at Exeter, England, October 17, 1792. He held many official positions of responsibility under the English government, and was knighted in 1854. He was a genius in the acquisition of languages. He made translations from no less than thirteen modern languages, mostly of poetry. For many years he represented the English government in China and other portions of the Orient. He was a Unitarian in faith. He died at Exeter November 23, 1872, being eighty years old. His hymns are found in his Matins and Vespers, 1823, and in his Sequel to the Matins, 1825. His published volumes are very numerous, no less than ten of them containing poetic translations from foreign languages or disquisitions on poetry. Although a Unitarian, he is the author of two of our most popular and useful hymns on Christ, one on the life of Christ (No. 290) and the other on the cross of Christ (No. 143); while two others (Nos. 199 and 636) are among our best missionary hymns, striking a triumphant note concerning the beneficent and universal spread of the gospel of Christ.

Brace, Seth Collins, a Congregational cleryman, son of Rev. Joab Brace, was born at Newington, Conn., August 3, 1811; was graduated at Yale College, class of 1832, and received his theological education at the Yale Theological Seminary. He entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1842, but became a Congregationalist later. For many years he was engaged in teaching and literary work, preaching occasionally. In 1861 he was installed pastor of a Congregational Church at Bethany, Conn. Subsequently he was compelled by illness to retire from active work in the ministry. He died in Philadelphia January 25, 1897.

Brady, Nicholas, an English divine, was born at Bandon, County Cork, Ireland, October 28, 1659; was educated at Westminster, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin. He was a Prebendary of Cork, Ireland. In 1702-05 he was incumbent at Stratford. Later, while incumbent at Richmond, he taught school in addition to his ministerial work. He died May 20, 1726. He published two volumes of poetry, one being a translation of Virgil's Aeneid. His association with Nahum Tate in making a New Version of the Psalms of David, 1696, which long held a dominant place in the Church of England, has given him a permanent and honored place in the history of hymnology. From this Version we have four selections:

Brewer, Leigh Richmond, the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Montana since 1880, was born at Berkshire, Vt., January 20, 1839; educated at Hobart College and General Theological Seminary; ordained in 1866; rector of Grace Church, Carthage, N. Y., 1866-72, and of Trinity Church, Watertown, N. Y., 1872-80; was consecrated Missionary Bishop of Montana in 1880; resides at Helena, Mont. Abundant in labors, Bishop Brewer has found time to write occasional poems.

Bridges, Matthew, was an Englishman born at Malden, Essex, England, July 14, 1800. He was educated in the Church of England, but became a convert to the Church of Rome in connection with the famous Tractarian movement led by Cardinal Newman and others. For several years before his death he resided in the province of Quebec, Canada, where he died October 6, 1894. He was the author of several books, the most valuable of which is Hymns of the Heart, 1848.

Bromehead, Joseph, was born in 1748, and after his graduation at Queen's College, Oxford (B.A. 1768, M.A. 1771), he became curate of Eckington, Derbyshire, remaining there until his death, January 30, 1826. His Melancholy Student reached a second edition in 1776. He translated some of the Psalms into English verse, and was editor of the Eckington Collection, in which volume the hymn beginning "Jerusalem, my happy home," first appeared in its present familiar form. From this collection of hymns it passed into the Williams and Boden Collection of 1801, and thence into many modern hymnals--from which circumstance several hymnologists have inferred that Bromehead gave that hymn its present form when he inserted it in the Eckington Collection. See full discussion of authorship under the hymn.

Brooks, Charles Timothy, a Unitarian divine and a poet and author of more than ordinary ability, was born at Salem, Mass., in 1813; graduated at Harvard College in 1832 and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1835; was pastor of a Unitarian Church in Newport, R. I., from 1836 to 1871; published quite a number of volumes, many being translations from the German; he died June 14, 1883.

Brooks, Phillips, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Boston December 13, 1835; graduated at Harvard College in 1855, and then attended the Episcopal School of Theology, at Alexandria, Va. He was ordained in 1859, and became the rector of the Church of the Advent, in Philadelphia. In 1869 he became the rector of Trinity Church, Boston. This church was on Summer Street; but the great fire of 1872 destroyed it, and a new church was erected in Copley Square. He was greatly beloved by his people, and his fame and influence were widely spread. In 1891 he was elected Bishop of Massachusetts, but he did not long serve in this Position. He died January 23, 1893. Bishop Brooks was a great soul in a gigantic body. He made friends of all with whom he came in contact. His influence was positive, strong, and good. Besides the carol in this book, he wrote at least four Christmas and two Easter carols, all of which are very fine.

Brown, Phoebe Hinsdale, was the daughter of George Hinsdale, and was born May 1, 1783, at Canaan, N. Y. Being left an orphan and moneyless when only two years of age, her early life was one of want, hardship, and drudgery. When nine years of age she went to live with a relative who kept a county jail. "These were years of intense and cruel suffering," says her son. "The tale of her early life which she has left her children is a narrative of such deprivations, toil, and cruel treatment as it breaks my heart to read." Not until she was eighteen years of age did she escape from this bondage and find a home among kind and sympathetic people. Her education was limited to three months in the public school at Claverack, N. Y., where she learned to write. She made at this time a profession of faith in Christ and joined the Congregational Church. She did not improve her worldly fortune when, in 1805, she married Thomas H. Brown, a journeyman house painter, after which she lived successively at East Windsor and Ellington, Conn., Monson, Mass., and at Marshall, Ill., where she died October 10, 1861. "Despite all her disadvantages," says Prof. F. M. Bird in Julian's Dictionary, "Mrs. Brown's talents and work are superior to those of any other early female hymnist of America." Fifteen of her hymns have found a place in the different Church hymnals of America, though only one is given a place in this collection--her famous "Twilight Hymn," the origin of which is deeply interesting. The "little ones" to whom she referred in this hymn all became eminent for piety and usefulness.

Browne, Simon, an English Independent minister and contemporary of Dr. Isaac Watts, was born at Shepton Mallet, in Somersetshire, about 1680; and died in 1732. He was the pastor of a Church in Portsmouth and later in London. While living in London he published his original Hymns and Spiritual Songs, 1720. He was also the author of a number of prose volumes, among them a Defence of Christianity. Near the close of life he suffered from a peculiar mental disease. He imagined that God in his displeasure had gradually annihilated in him the thinking substance--that he had no reasoning soul. At the same time he was so acute a disputant that his friends said he could reason as if he had two souls. In the old hymn books a number of his hymns were in common use.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, scarcely less famous as a poet than her illustrious husband, Robert Browning, was born in Londen March 4, 1809, being the eldest daughter of Edward Moulton, a country gentleman, who took the name of Barrett soon after her birth. On September 12, 1846, she was married to Robert Browning, and the remainder of her life was spent in Italy, chiefly at Florence, where she died June 30, 1861. In all literature there is no parallel case where husband and wife have each attained such distinction as poets and hold so high a place in the world of letters. As a poet she stands foremost among English literary women. Beginning at eight years of age to write poetry and being a great reader and a tireless worker, she produced during the forty years of her literary life, although much of the time an invalid, poems of rare intellectual power, artistic beauty, and ethical force; and a beautiful Christian faith pervades them all, which is also true of the writings of her illustrious husband. The happy married life and literary fellowship of Mrs. Browning and her husband constitute one of the most beautiful things in the biography of literature. This volume contains two lyrics from her pen:

Bryant, William Cullen, eminent American editor and poet, was born in Cummington, Mass., November 3, 1794; spent two years at Williams College, after which he studled law and practiced about ten years. In 1826 he connected himself with the New York Evening Post and continued to be one of its editors and proprietors to the day of his death, June 12, 1878. Bryant is known as one of the ablest and sweetest of American poets. Many editions of his poems have been published. He also made an excellent translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Nineteen of his hymns were privately printed and circulated among his friends in 1869. A number of them are in common use.

Bulfinch, Stephen Greenleaf, a Unitarian minister, was born in Boston June 18, 1809. His father, Charles Bulfinch, a well-known architect, was the designer of the national capitol at Washington, where he lived and where his son Stephen was graduated at Columbian College in 1827. He was also a graduate of the Theological School at Cambridge, Mass., 1830. He was ordained in 1831, and began his ministry at Augusta, Ga. Later he was the pastor of Unitarian Churches in several places. Dr. Bulfinch died at East Cambridge, Mass., October 12, 1870. The Boston Transcript just after his decease said: "Of a beautiful spirit, earnest convictions, sympathetic and devout nature, he won the respect and love of the people wherever he served." Most of his poems are found in his Lays of the Gospel, Boston, 1845.

Burleigh, William Henry, a social reformer and member of the Unitarian Church, was born at Woodstock, Conn., February 12, 1812. He was brought up on his father's farm, and attended the district school. He was a born reformer, and living in New England in his time and with his disposition, naturally identified himself with the radical abolitionists and prohibitionists. His business was that of editor and lecturer. In 1837 he began at Pittsburg, Pa., the publication of the Christian Witness and Temperance Banner. In 1843 he became editor of the Christian Freeman at Hartford, Conn. From 1849 to 1855 he was agent of the New York State Temperance Society, and was harbor master at New York from 1855 to 1870. He died at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 18, 1871. Poetry was his recreation. His poems were collected and published in 1841; second and enlarged edition, 1871. The poem titled "Blessed Are They That Mourn" was born of sorrow. Within the space of two years he buried his father, wife, eldest daughter, and eldest son. Let no one imagine that the strong, calm faith of this hymn was attained without difficulty. In a letter to a friend he said: "It is not without strong wrestlings that doubt and murmurings are put under my feet and I am enabled to struggle up into the purer atmosphere of faith." He is one of the few American hymn writers whose hymns are more extensively used in England than in America. Of fourteen hymns by him in common use, only two are here given:--

Burns, James Drummond, a Scotch Presbyterian divine, was born in Edinburgh February 18, 1823. He was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh. In 1845 he became a pastor of the Free Church of Scotland at Dunblane. In 1848 he took charge of a Presbyterian Church at Funchal, Madeira. In 1855 he became pastor of a Presbyterian Church in London. He died at Mentone November 27, 1864. He was the author of about one hundred hymns, only a few of which have come into common use. He was also the translator of thirty-nine German hymns. His Memoir was written by the Rev. James Hamilton, D.D., 1869.

Burton, Henry, a Methodist minister, born in 1840 at Swannington, Leicestershire, in the house where his grandmother, Mrs. James Burton, in 1818 organized the first Wesleyan juvenile missionary society. His parents moving to America in his boyhood, he was educated at Beloit College, Wisconsin. After his graduation he became a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church and acted as a supply for the brother of Miss Frances E. Willard and also for six months as pastor at Monroe, Wis., after which he returned to England, and in 1865 entered the Wesleyan ministry. His labors have been chiefly in Lancashire and London. He married the sister of Rev. Mark Guy Pearse, the well-known Wesleyan preacher and author. He is the author of the commentary on St. Luke in the Expositor's Bible series of commentaries and also of Gleanings in the Gospels and Wayside Songs, 1886. In 1900 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Beloit College. His famous little poem titled "Pass It On" has been set to music by no less than ten different composers. His present address is Charnwood, West Kirby, Birkenhead, Cheshire, England.

Campbell, Jane Montgomery, an English lady, a writer and teacher of music, daughter of the Rev. A. Montgomery Campbell, of the Church of England, was born in London in 1817; and died November 15, 1878. She was a teacher in her father's parish school, a writer of English verse, and a translator of German hymns, some of which were published in C. S. Bere's Garland of Songs, 1862, and Children's Choral Book, 1869. She is the author of A Handbook for Singers.

Campbell, Margaret Cockburn. She was the eldest daughter of Sir John Malcolm. In 1827 she was married to Sir Alexander Thomas Cockburn-Campbell, who was one of the founders of the Plymouth Brethren in England. Some of her hymns appeared in the collection of the Plymouth Brethren in 1842, and so came into general use. She died February 6, 1841.

Carney, Julia A., was Miss Fletcher when she wrote the hymn contained in this collection, beginning: "Think gently of the erring one." She was born at Lancaster, Mass., April 6, 1823; began writing verses in early childhood, contributing poems to juvenile periodicals when she was only fourteen; became a teacher in one of the primary schools of Boston in 1844; wrote the familiar little poem beginning, "Little drops of water, little grains of sand," in 1845; married Rev. Thomas J. Carney in 1849. She died at Galesburg, Ill., November 1, 1908. Mr. and Mrs. Carney were members of the Universalist Church.

Cary, Phoebe, and her sister Alice hold an honored place among the female poets of America. Phoebe (her sister Alice being four years her senior) was born in the Miami Valley, Ohio, September 4, 1824. The sisters began writing poetry at a very early age. Their collected Poems were first published in 1850. They moved to New York City in 1852, and soon had bought and paid for with their pens a very delightful home on Twentieth Street, where they lived until their death. The death of the elder sister preceded and hastened that of the younger, which occurred in 1871 while on a visit to Newport, R. I. Miss Cary was at the time of her death a member of the Church of the Strangers (Independent), in New York City. In 1869, in coöperation with her pastor, Dr. Charles F. Deems, she published a collection of sacred songs titled Hymns for All Christians. She published Poems and Parodies in 1854 and Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love in 1868. The deep devotion of these two sisters to each other and their intimate fellowship in literary work attracted widespread and admiring attention on the part of all who knew them. Three other hymns by Phoebe Cary and seven hymns by Alice Cary are found in Church hymnals.

Caswall, Edward, is the translator of many popular hymns. He comes of a literary family. His father and a brother were both clergymen of distinction in the Church of England. He was born at Yateley, in Hampshire, July 15, 1814; graduated at Oxford in 1836; was ordained deacon in the Church of England in 1838; became perpetual curate of Stratford-and-Castle, near Salisbury, in 1840; resigned his ecclesiastical position in the Church of England in 1846 with a view to joining the Roman Catholic Church, which he and his wife did in 1847; became a priest in the Congregation of the Oratory, which Cardinal Newman had established at Birmingham, where he remained until his death, January 2, 1878. His biographer says:

His life was marked by earnest devotion to his clerical duties and a loving interest in the poor, the sick, and in little children. His translations of Latin hymns have a wider circulation in modern hymnals than those of any other translator, Dr. Neale alone excepted. This is owing to his general faithfulness to the originals and the purity of his rhythm, the latter feature specially adapting his hymns to music and for congregational purposes.

His translation from St. Bernard, beginning, "Jesus, the very thought of thee," is one of the finest in the entire Hymnal. Most of his original hymns are so Romish in doctrinal teaching as to make them unfitted for use in Protestant hymnals. His hymns are found in his Lyra Catholica, 1849; Masque of Mary and Other Poems, 1858; A May Pageant and Other Poems, 1865. The contents of all these volumes are contained in his Hymns and Poems, 1873, many of his hymns being rewritten or revised for this final volume. Four of his translations are in our Hymnal:

Cawood, John, a clergyman of the Church England, was born at Matlock, in Derbyshire, March 18, 1775. He was a farmer's son, and his early educational advantages were limited. By private study he succeeded in entering St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, in 1797, obtaining his degree four years later. He took holy orders in 1801. In 1814 he became perpetual curate in Bewdely, Worcestershire, remaining there until his death, November 7, 1852. Cawood wrote only a few hymns. Nine were published in Cotterill's Selection, eighth edition, 1819. Three others are found in Lyra Britannica, 1867. Only one appears in this collection:

Cennick, John, was born in Berkshire, England, December 12, 1718. Being converted in his seventeenth year, he connected himself first with the Methodists and became a preacher among them, and was placed in charge of the Kingswood School; but his theological views undergoing a change, he separated from them in 1741, carrying several members with him and founding an independent society of his own, which, however, was soon gathered into the Whitefield, or Lady Huntingdon, Connection. A few years later he joined the Moravians, and spent most of the remainder of his life in the northern part of Ireland, returning to London in 1755, where he died July 4 of that same year, at the age of thirty-seven. He was a man of sincere and earnest piety. His first hymns were written for the use of the Methodists, and were altered and probably improved by the Wesleys. He published Sacred Hymns in three parts and in various editions, 1741-49, and in 1754 his Hymns to the Honor of Jesus Christ, Composed for Such Little Children as Desire to be Saved. "I would not have any," says Cennick, "who read these hymns look to find either good poetry or fine language, for indeed there is none." to which Dr. Hatfield says: "It was the truth. The few hymns from his pen that are now used have been considerably modified to fit them for the service of song, and are known at present almost wholly in these altered forms." He is the author of two well-known "Graces" before and after meat, commencing, "Be present at our table, Lord," and "We thank thee, Lord, for his our food." (See notes under Nos. 306 and 532 for further biographical facts.) His three best hymns are:

Charles, Elizabeth Rundle, the daughter of John Rundle, a banker and member of Parliament, was born at Tavistock, Devonshire, England, January 2, 1828. In 1851 she was married to Andrew Paton Charles, a barrister at law, who died in 1868. For some years previous to her death (March 28, 1896) she signed her name "Rundle-Charles." She is described in Allibone's Dictionary of Authors as one who had reputation as a linguist, painter, musician, poet, and preëminently as the author of The Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta Family, 1863, and more than twenty-five other volumes, several of which were poetry. No books written in the past century designed to popularize the notable epochs in modern Church history have had a wider reading or a greater and more healthful influence than The Schönberg-Cotta Family and the series of historic volumes that followed it. Among her many volumes discussing poetry and containing poems from her pen, none has attained such widespread recognition and influence as The Voice of Christian Life in Song in Many Lands and Ages, 1865. Her Poems were published in New York in 1867. Many of her works have had an immense circulation in England and America. Before her death she had won a high and permanent place in English literature as one of the purest and most wholesome of modern Christian authors. Some half dozen of her hymns are found in the hymnals of different Churches.

Chorley, Henry Fothergill, an English editor and author, was born at Blackleyhurst, Lancashire, December 15, 1808. He was educated at the Royal Institution, Liverpool. In 1834 he went to London to take a place on the staff of the Athenaeum, and retained this editorial position for thirty-five years. He was the author of several novels and a large number of songs. He died February 15, 1872.

Claudius, Matthias, the son of a Lutheran Pastor, was born at Reinfeld, near Lubeck, August 15, 1740. He entered the university at Jena in 1759 as a student of theology, but later turned to law and literature. While residing at Darmstadt he associated with a circle of freethinking philosophers, but a severe sickness caused him to return to the faith of his childhood. He did not intentionally write hymns for the Church, but much of his poetry is Christian in spirit and a few pieces have been utilized as hymns. He died at Hamburg January 21, 1815.

Clement of Alexandria, whose real name was Titus Flavius Clemens, was born about 160 or 170 A.D., at either Athens or Alexandria; and died about 215 or 220. A diligent student of Greek literature and philosophy, he was also as a young man an earnest seeker after the truth, and at length found it in the Christian faith. He traveled far and wide, seeking instruction from Christian teachers. He seemed to have been most influenced by Pantaenus, the head of the celebrated Catechetical School at Alexandria, and succeeded him about 190. While in this position he was ordained a presbyter. He continued to teach and preach at Alexandria until driven away by the persecution of Severus in 202. Origen and Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, were both pupils of Clement at Alexandria. The last knowledge of him is in 211, when he bore a letter of commendation and confidence from Bishop Alexander, his former pupil, to the Christians at Antioch. It is not known whether he died in the East or returned to Alexandria. Three of his theological works are extant; also one sermon and one hymn to Christ, which, as found in this collection, owes as much to the translator as it does to the author.

Codner, Elizabeth, was the wife of an English clergyman, the author of Among the Brambles and Other Lessons from Life, in which her hymn, "Lord, I hear of showers of blessing," was printed. She published two small volumes titled The Missionary Ship and The Bible in the Kitchen, and edited the periodical, Woman's Work in the Great Harvest Field. She was associated for some years with the Mildmay Protestant Mission, London. Hymnologists do not give the date of her birth or death.

Coghill, Annie Louisa, daughter of Robert Walker, was born in Kiddermore, England, In 1836. In 1884 she was married to Harry Coghill. "Work, for the night is coming," was written in 1854, which was before her marriage and when she was only eighteen years of age. She was then residing in Canada, and the hymn was first printed in a Canadian newspaper. The author's text is found in her Oak and Maple, 1890. Her occasional poems printed in various Canadian newspapers were gathered together and published in 1859 In a volume titled Leaves from the Backwoods. In 1898 Mrs. Coghill edited and published the Autobiography and Letters of her cousin, Mrs. Oliphant.

Collyer, William Bengo, was the pastor of an Independent or Congregational Church from 1801, when he was ordained, until his death, January 8, 1854. He was born at Blackheath, near London, April 14, 1782, He was educated at Homerton College, which he entered at the age of sixteen. Dr. Collyer's Church was at Peckham, England. Dr. Falding, in the Dictionary of Hymnology, says he "was eminent in his day as an eloquent evangelical preacher when formalism in worship and Arianism in doctrine prevailed. He was a man of amiable disposition, polished manners, and Christian courtesy, popular with rich and poor alike." He edited a hymn book which was published in London, 1812, Hymns Partly Collected and Partly Original. To this book he contributed fifty-seven of his own hymns. He also contributed thirty-nine pieces to Dr. Leifchild's book of Original Hymns, 1843. A few of his hymns have been useful, but none of them have reached the first rank.

Colquhoun, Frances Sara, daughter of Mrs. Ebenezer Fuller-Maitland, of Stanstead Hall, Henley-on-Thames, was born at Shinfield Park, near Reading, England, June 20, 1809; on January 29, 1834, she was married to John Colquhoun. She died May 27, 1877. She contributed to her mother's volume titled Hymns for Private Devotion, 1827, one original hymn, and also some additional lines to Henry Kirke White's incomplete hymn beginning, "Much in sorrow, oft in woe."

Conder, Josiah, the son of Thomas Conder, a London bookseller, and the grandson of Dr. John Conder, an eminent Dissenting clergyman, was born in London September 17, 1789. At an early age he lost the sight of his right eye. At the age of fifteen he entered his father's bookstore, where he was thrown much with intellectual people; and this increased and confirmed the interest which he already had in literature. At the early age of twenty-one we find him, conjointly with several other young aspirants for literary fame (one of whom, Eliza Thomas, became his wife), issuing a volume of poetry called The Associate Minstrels, which attained sufficient popularity to justify a second edition two years later (1812). This same year he contributed three hymns to Dr. Collyer's collection. In 1814 he obtained control of the Eclectic Review, and from this time on he devoted all his time to literature and journalism. In 1832 he started the Patriot newspaper, which he continued to edit and publish until his death, December 27, 1855. He published more than a dozen scholarly volumes during his life, and these show him to have been a devout and pious believer. His Congregational Hymn Book, published in 1836, attained a widespread popularity which lasted for many years. Just before he died he collected all the hymns he had written with a view to publication. They were issued the year after his death under the title: Hymns of Praise, Prayer, and Devout Meditation. "His friends included most of the literary and Christian men of eminence living in the first half of the nineteenth century." A larger number of Conder's hymns are said to be in common use in England and America at this time than those of any other writer of the Congregational body, Watts and Doddridge alone excepted.

Copeland, Benjamin, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, residing at present (1911) in Buffalo, N. Y., was born in 1855. He has filled various important stations in his Church since entering the ministry. The two useful hymns which we have here from his pen show that he has fine poetic ability. They are both hymns of more than ordinary merit. The first of the two especially neets a real need in the Hymnal and fills a place not filled by any other hymn.

Cotterill, Jane, was the daughter of a minister, Rev. John Book, the wife of a minister, Rev. Joseph Cotterill, and the mother of a minister, Rt. Rev. Henry Cotterill, Bishop of Edinburgh. She lived but thirty-five years. Born in 1790, married in 1811, died in 1825. She wrote only a few hymns, which appeared first in Thomas Cotterill's Selection, 1815, without name; and later they appeared in Montgomery's Christian Psalmist, 1825, with the name of the author.

Cotterill, Thomas, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Cannock, Staffordshire, December 4, 1779; graduated at Cambridge in 1801, and entered the ministry of the Church of England. In 1817 he became perpetual curate of St. Paul's, at Sheffield, where he spent the rest of his life, teaching a small school part of file time in connection with his pastoral work. It was here that he met and formed an intimate friendship with James Montgomery, the poet and hymn writer, who helped him in the preparation of a volume of hymns under the following title: A Selection of Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Use, Adapted to the Services of the Church of England. So popular was this book that it reached its eighth edition by 1819. This work contained one hundred and fifty psalms and three hundred and sixty-seven hymns, of which Montgomery furnished fifty and Cotterill thirty-two, though the authors' names were not in any cases attached to the hymns. This book brought Cotterill into trouble with the ecclesiastical authorities, and was actually carried into the courts; but the suit was settled through the mediation of the archbishop, who revised Cotterill's selections and added several of his own, reducing the number to one hundred and forty-six. In spite of ecclesiastical influence, however, this "suppressed" volume continued to be used and to have widespread influence. "It did more," says Julian, "than any other collection in the Church of England to mold the hymn books of the next period; and nearly nine-tenths of the hymns therein, and usually in the altered form given them by Cotterill or James Montgomery, who assisted him, are still in common use in Great Britain and America." Cotterill died December 29, 1823. Montgomery's sorrow over his death found expression in the well-known hymn beginning "Friend after friend departs."

Cowper, William, one of the most popular poets and letter writers of the English language, was born in Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, November 26, 1731. His father, Rev. John Cowper, was a chaplain to George II. He spent ten years in Westminster School, and then began reading law, but abandoned it for literature after a very brief practice. He became the most distinguished poet of the English language in the latter half of the eighteenth century. His poetic works are too numerous and too well known to need mention here. His life is invested with a peculiar and sorrowful interest, owing to his constitutional tendency to mental and moral despondency, which brought on frequent attacks of insanity. His disappointment in not being permitted to marry his cousin added to his malady. His melancholia had come upon him and placed its dark limitations upon his life before he went, in 1765, to live at Huntingdon, where his association with and love for Mrs. Mary Unwin became one of the tenderest and holiest attachments of his life. In 1767 he moved to Olney, the home of Rev. John Newton. An intimate friendship between the two at once began. Cowper was a constant and prayerful attendant upon Newton's Church services, especially his cottage prayer meetings, for which nearly all of his hymns were written at Newton's request. The Olney Hymns, 1779, was their joint production, seventy-eight of them coming from Cowper. He also translated many of the hymns of Madame Guyon, one of which is found in this volume. He died April 25, 1800, at East Dereham. He is regarded as the greatest letter writer in Engllsh literature. None of his great poems show signs of melancholia, but breathe a healthful and cheerful piety. No other great poet has written so many hymns as he. His hymns give expression to sentiments of peace and gratitude, of trust and submission, rather than of hope and joy. A plaintive and refined tenderness runs through them all.

Cox, Christopher Christian, an eminent physician, son of Rev. Luther J. Cox, a Methodist preacher, was born in Baltimore August 28, 1816; was graduated at Yale College in 1835, and at a medical school in his native city in 1838. In 1861 he was appointed brigade surgeon in the United States army, and resided in Washington. He died November 25, 1882. He was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was a brother of Rev. Samuel K. Cox, D.D., author of Hymn No. 347.

Cox, Samuel Keener, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 16, 1823; and died at Harrisonburg, Va., November 27, 1909. He was the son of Rev. Luther J. Cox, a Methodist local preacher, and was a first cousin of Bishop John C. Keener. He enjoyed fine educational advantages in early life, and in 1844 he joined the Maryland Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church, of which his father was one of the organizers in 1828. After filling various pastoral charges in Washington City and elsewhere, he became in 1853 Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Madison College, Uniontown, Pa., which position he filled for some years, and then was engaged in educational work in Virginia and Alabama until 1866, when he joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in which Church he served as educator, pastor in Baltimore, Washington City, and elsewhere and as editor of the Episcopal Methodist, the Baltimore Christian Advocate, and the Baltimore and Richmond Christian Advocate. He was a member of the committee of nine which in 1886-88 compiled the hymn book of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, which was the official hymnal of that Church until this present book became the joint hymnal of both branches of American Episcopal Methodism. Dr. Cox was a brother of Dr. Christopher C. Cox, the author of Hymn No. 52.

Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Mendham, N, J., May 10, 1818; graduated at the University of New York in 1838; took orders in the ministry in 1841, and served as rector at Hartford, Baltimore, and New York. In 1865 he was elected bishop of Western New York. He died July 20, 1896. Bishop Coxe was the author of several small volumes of Poems: Advent, 1837; Christian Ballads, 1840; Athanasion, 1842; Hallowe'en and Other Poems, 1844; Saul, a Mystery, 1845. A few of his hymns are found in many collections. As a member of the Hymnal Commission that prepared the official hymnal of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1869-71 he refused to allow any of his own hymns to be inserted in that volume, which, Prof. F. M. Bird thinks, was a case of "too scrupulous modesty."

Crewdson, Jane, the daughter of George Fox, was born at Perraw, Cornwall, England, in October, 1809, and was married to Thomas Crewdson, of Manchester, in 1836. Always delicate in health, toward the close of her life she became a confirmed invalid and a great sufferer; and most of her hymns were written during this period of suffering. She died at Summerlands, near Manchester, September 14, 1863, "leaving behind her the memory of a beautiful Christian life and many admirable verses." She truly learned in suffering what she taught in song. Her husband wrote beautifully of her: "As a constant sufferer, the spiritual life deepening and the intellectual life retaining all its power, she became well prepared to testify as to the all-sufficiency of her Saviour's love. Many felt that her sick room was the highest place to which they could resort for refreshment of spirit and even for mental recreation. From that apartment came many a letter of earnest sympathy or of charming playfulness." She published anonymously several small volumes of poetry, and the year after her death a book of her poems was published under the title: A Little While and Other Poems, 1864. A verse, written just before she died, titled "During Sickness," is a gem worthy of immortality:

Croly, George, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Dublin August 17, 1780. In 1804 he took the degree of Master of Arts at Dublin University, which institution also conferred on him in 1831 the degree of LL.D. After receiving holy orders he labored in Ireland until 1810, when he removed to London and devoted himself largely to literature. He died November 24, 1860. Dr. Croly's hymns were published in his Psalms and Hymns for Public Worship, 1854.

Crosby, Fanny Jane (Mrs. Van Alstyne), is the most prolific and perhaps the most popular writer of Sunday school hymns that America has ever produced. She was born at South East, Putnam County, N. Y., March 24, 1820. When only six weeks old she lost her eyesight. Her first poem was written when she was only eight years old. At the age of fifteen she entered the Institution for the Blind in New York City, where she spent seven years as a pupil and eleven years (1847-58) as a teacher. In 1844 she published a volume entitled The Blind Girl and Other Poems, and in 1849 Monterey and Other Poems. In 1851 she was happily converted, and united with the Old John Street Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1858 she was married to Mr. Alexander Van Alstyne, who was also, like herself, blind, had been a teacher in the Institution, and was possessed of rare musical talent, and thus eminently fitted to be a congenial and helpful life companion. As a hymn writer, however, she has continued since her marriage to bear her maiden name. A third volume of her poems was issued the year of her marriage: A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers, 1858. She was in the employ of Mr. William B. Bradbury for the last four years before he died, and she was for some years regularly employed by Biglow and Main to write "three hymns a week the year round." She has written about six thousand hymns, considerably less than half of which number have been published. In 1898 she published Bells at Evening and Other Poems, and in 1906 Memories of Eighty Years. Revered, honored, and loved by millions, she resides at Bridgeport, Conn., being at this writing (1911) ninety-one years of age. Fanny Crosby's hymns and the tunes to which they are sung have a peculiar charm for the young and for the masses of the people. There are thousands of religious homes where her sweet and simple songs are sung daily, and are scarcely less familiar than the words of Scripture. In sunshine and darkness alike and in all lands her songs are sung "with a glad heart and free." Few women that have ever lived can claim a higher honor than belongs to Fanny Crosby in being permitted to witness the world-wide popularity of so many of her hymns.

Cross, Ada Cambridge, the daughter of Henry Cambridge, was born at Norfolk, England, November 21, 1844. In 1870 she married Rev. George Frederick Cross, a clergyman of the Church of England. The same year she removed with her husband to Australia, where she has since resided. She published Hymns on the Holy Communion, 1866, and Hymns on the Litany, 1865. A few of her hymns have become popular. Her hymns, says Dr. Julian, "are characterized by great sweetness and purity of rhythm, combined with naturalness and simplicity."

Cummins, James John, was born in Cork, Ireland, May 5, 1795. He moved to London in 1834. He was for many years a director of the Union Bank of Australia. He died at Wildecroft, Buckland, Surrey, November 23, 1867. He was a devout member of the Church of England. He took a deep interest in the study of Hebrew and of theology. His volume titled Seals of the Covenant Opened in the Sacraments, 1839, was prepared with a view to meeting the needs of his own children in their preparation for assuming the vows of Church membership. It contained poetical meditations and hymns which were also published separately the same year and republished ten years later under the title, Hymns, Meditations, and Other Poems, 1849, the title on the cover being Lyra Evangelica.

Cutter, William, an editor and publisher, was born in North Yarmouth, Me., May 15, 1801. He was educated at Bowdoin College, where he was graduated in 1821. He belonged to the Congregational Church. He was engaged in business in Portland, Me., for several years, and then in Brooklyn, N. Y. His hymns were contributed to the Christian Mirror, a periodical published at Portland. He died February 8, 1867. Professor Bird describes Mr. Cutter as "a deserving writer who has hitherto missed his due meed of acknowledgment."

Davies, Samuel, an eminent Presbyterian divine, was born near Summit Ridge, Newcastle, Del., November 3, 1723. He was licensed in 1745 and ordained to the ministry in 1747, and labored for several years as a missionary and evangelist in the State of Virginia. He succeeded Jonathan Edwards as President of Princeton College in 1759, but died February 4, 1761, in his thirty-seventh year. His published sermons show him to have been a man of great intellectual vigor, piety, and usefulness. They have been frequently reprinted. In Dr. Thomas Gibson's Hymns Adapted to Divine Worship (London, 1769) there are sixteen hymns by Mr. Davies, one of which is the following:

Decius, Nicolaus, was born in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, toward the close of the fifteenth century. He was first a monk in the Roman Catholic Church, being in 1519 Probst of the cloister at Steterburg, near Wolfenbüttel; but becoming a convert to Luther's views, he left the Romish Church in 1522 and moved to Brunswick, where he taught school for one year. He became an Evangelical preacher at Stettin in 1523, and was for many years pastor of the Church of St. Nicholas. He died suddenly March 21, 1541. His work was carried on under constant opposition from the Church of Rome, but he was a popular and influential preacher among the early Protestants. He was a good musician, and composed tunes for three hymns that he wrote, only one of which is contained in this collection:

Deems, Charles Force, was for a number of years a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and from 1866 till his death, in 1893, pastor of the Church of the Strangers, an independent congregation in New York City. He was born in Baltimore, Md., December 4, 1820; graduated at Dickinson College in 1839, after which he settled in North Carolina, entering the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church and serving as Agent of the American Bible Society in that State for 1840-41; Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of North Carolina, 1842-5; Professor of Chemistry in Randolph-Macon College, Virginia, 1845-46. He served as pastor of sevral Churches in the North Carolina Conference. He was President of the Greensboro Female College, North Carolina, 1846-50. In 1866 he moved to New York, where he died November 18, 1893. Deems was a popular preacher and forcible public speaker. He was the author of a valuable life of Christ, titled The Light of the Nations. In connection with Miss Phoebe Cary he edited Hymns for All Christians, 1869. As pastor of Commodore Venderbilt he had, in connection with Bishop H. N. McTyeire, not a little to do with influencing that man of princely wealth to give a million dollars to the "Central University of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South" (now Vanderbilt University), at Nashville, Tenn. He was the founder and for many years the President of the American Institute of Christian Philosophy, and also editor of its organ, Christian Thought.

Denny, Sir Edward, was born at Tralee Castle, County Kerry, Ireland, October 2, 1796, and succeeded to the baronetcy upon the death of his father, in 1831. He owned a large estate in Ireland, though his principal residence was in London. His Church membership was with the Plymouth Brethren. He published A Selection of Hymns in 1839 and a volume of Hymns and Poems in 1848. His Millennial Hymns, 1870, is a republication of his former work. It contains a long preface on prophecy, in which he advocates Millenarianism. He died in London June 13, 1889.

Dessler, Wolfgang Christopher, was born at Nuremberg February 11, 1660. His father was a jeweler, and wished his son to follow the same trade. But the son was devoted to study, and at length entered the University of Altdorf as a student of divinity. On account of ill health, he was obliged to give up his course; but he continued his literary work as he was able. He was head master of a school at Nuremberg some fifteen years. Dessler was the author of fifty-six hymns, an accurate scholar and a devout Christian. He died March 11, 1722.

Dexter, Henry Martyn, an eminent Congregational divine and editor of the Congregationalist, of Boston, was born at Plymouth, Mass., August 13, 1821; graduated at Yale College in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1844; was pastor in Manchester, N. H., and in Boston; resigned his pastoral charge in 1867 to become editor of the Congregationalist and Recorder. He is the author of a large number of published volumes. He died November 13, 1890. His only hymn in this collection is a translation of the primitive hymn of Clement of Alexandria:

Dix, William Chatterton, an eminent English author, was born at Bristol June 14, 1837. He was manager of a marine insurance company in Glasgow. His contributions to hymnody are valuable. Some twenty or thirty of them are in common use in Great Britain and America; a few of them are of first rank. He published Hymns of Love and Joy, 1861; Altar Songs, 1867; Vision of All Saints, 1871; and Seekers of a City, 1878. Many of his hymns were contributed to Hymns Ancient and Modern and other English hymnals. Among his best-known volumes are two titled The Risen Christ, 1883, and The Pattern Life, 1885. He died September 9, 1898.

Doane, George Washington, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Trenton, N. J., May 27, 1799; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in 1818; entered the ministry in 1821, and served as an assistant minister at Trinity Church, New York, until 1824, when he was called to a chair in Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., where he remained until 1828, when he became rector of Trinity Church, Boston, being in this position when he was elected in 1832 to the bishopric of New Jersey. St. Mary's Hall, Burlington, was founded by him in 1837, and Burlington College in 1846. A man of great energy and force of character, of rare warmth of heart, and of exceptional learning, he was regarded as one of the most able and influential prelates of the Episcopal Church in America. He had not only warm friends and ardent admirers, but bitter enemies and numerous controversies. He died April 27, 1859. His Songs by the Way, 1824, published when he was only twenty-five years old, gave evidence of unusual gifts as a poet and hymn writer. Just after his death his son published his Works, in four volumes, and an enlarged edition of his Sangs by the Way. There are some who claim that his hymn beginning "Thou art the Way" is the greatest hymn that America has yet produced.

Doane, William Crosswell, a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, the son of Bishop George Washington Doane, was born in Boston, Mass., March 2, 1832. He was educated for the ministry. He was ordained a deacon in 1853, a priest in 1856. His first work was as assistant to his father in St. Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J. From 1865 to 1867 he was rector of St. John's Church, Hartford, Conn. In 1869 he was consecrated bishop of the new diocese of Albany. In 1902 his fugitive poems were collected and published in a volume titled Rhymes from Time to Time. Bishop Doane received the title of D.D. from Oxford and LL.D. from Cambridge. His residence is Albany, N. Y.

Doddridge, Philip, one of the most distinguished Dissenting ministers of the eighteenth century, was the youngest of twenty children. He was born June 26, 1702. He entered the ministry when only nineteen years old. In 1729 he moved to Northampton, where he became pastor of the Dissenting Church and also, by the urgent advice of Isaac Watts and others, organized and conducted a theological school for young preachers; and as many as a hundred and fifty studied theology with him during the twenty years he was there. His Family Expositor and Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul have been translated into many languages, and are still widely read, while his Sermons attest his vigor and piety as a preacher. He died of consumption at Lisbon, Portugal, October 16, 1751, in the fiftieth year of his age. It was Dr. Doddridge's custom immediately after finishing a sermon, while his mind was yet aglow with the warmth and unction of earnest, prayerful study and the thought and plan of the sermon were fresh in his mind, to write a hymn embodying the doctrinal and devotional sentiment of the discourse, and have it sung immediately after the conclusion of his sermon. This gives to his hymns a doctrinal unity not found in many hymns. Hence his hymns, as a rule, are suitable for one subject, not for any subject or occasion. They are the hymns of a pastor and preacher, written to meet his own needs. Dr. Doddridge's hymns were circulated only in manuscript during his lifetime. It was not until four years after his death that they (three hundred and seventy in all) were collected and published under the title: Hymns Founded on Various Texts in the Holy Scriptures, 1755. A later edition (1766) contained five additional hymns; and in 1839 a great-grandson of Dr. Doddridge published a "new and corrected edition," which contained twenty-two additional hymns. Dr. Julian states in his Dictionary that over one-third of Dr. Doddridge's hymns are in common use at the present time. Twenty-two only are found in this collection:

Dryden, John, the distinguished English poet, was born at Aldwinkle August 9, 1631. He attended Westminster School and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1650, taking his A.B. in 1654. He was of Puritan blood, and his first great poem was Heroic Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell, 1658. Soon after the restoration he became a Royalist, and was made Poet Laureate in 1670. He did not remain, however, in the Church of England, but in 1785 he became a Romanist. He died May 18, 1701.

Duffield, George, was born at Carlisle, Pa., September 12, 1818; graduated at Yale in 1837, and at Union Theological Seminary, New York, in 1840; was ordained an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and became a pastor successively, of many of the leading Presbyterian Churches in the North and Northwest--viz., Brooklyn, N. Y., 1840-47; Bloomfield, N. J., 1847-52; Philadelphia, 1852-61; Adrian, Mich., 1861-65; Galesburg, Ill., 1865-69; and at Ann Arbor and Lansing, Mich., 1869-84. He retired from the active work of the ministry in 1884, and settled at Detroit, Mich. He died July 6, 1888, at Bloomfield, N. J., while on a visit to his son's widow. He was the son of Rev. George Duffield, D.D., the "patriarch of Michigan," 'who was born in 1796 and died at Detroit in 1868, and the father of the late Rev. Samuel W. Duffield, D.D., of Bloomfield, N. J., author of English Hymns, Their Authors and History, 1886, and Latin Hymn Writers and Their Hymns, 1889.

Dwight, John Sullivan, a Unitarian minister and musician, was born in Boston May 13, 1813. He entered Harvard College in 1828, and was graduated in 1832. He studied for the ministry at the Harvard Divinity School, and was ordained in 1836 as pastor of the Unitarian Church at Northanipton. In a few years he gave up the ministry and devoted himself to literature and music. In 1852 he established Dwight's Journal of Music, which he owned and edited for thirty years, making it one of the foremost musical journals of the time. He died September 5, 1893.

Dwight, Timothy, a distinguished Congregational minister and educator, was born at Northampton, Mass., May 14, 1752. His mother was a daughter of Jonathan Edwards. He entered Yale College at the age of thirteen, and, graduating four years later, became a tutor, which position he resigned in 1777 to become chaplain in the Revolutionary army. He next became a pastor at Greenfield, Conn., and in 1795 was elected President of Yale College, and remained in this position until his death, January 11, 1817. He is best known by his theological works, which are numerous and strong and show him to be a moderate Calvinist in faith. In 1800 he prepared and published a revised edition of Watts's Psalms, which was approved and adopted by the General Association of Connecticut (Congregational). This volume contained several other hymns from various sources, some of which were written by himself. He is the author of about a dozen hymns found in modern Church hymnals. "This is the most important name," says Prof. F. M. Bird, "in early American hymnology, as it is also one of the most illustrious in American literature and education."

Edmeston, James, an Englishman, born September 10, 1791. He was educated as an architect and surveyor, and practiced these callings until his death, January 7, 1867. He was a member of the Church of England. Edmeston wrote nearly two thousand hymns, mostly for children. Some of them have been very popular. Between 1817 and 1847 he was the author of twelve small volumes composed of hymns and other short poems on religious subjects.

Ela, David Hough, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Canaan, Me., in 1831. He was converted in childhood, and joined the Church at the age of nine years. While yet a youth he learned the trade of printing and that of a machinist also. In 1854 he became a student and Christian worker in Wesleyan University, from which he graduated with honors in 1857. He was a successful pastor and presiding elder in the Methodist Episcopal Church in New England for many years. Cornell College gave him the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1876. His death took place October 7, 1907.

Ellerton, John, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born in London December 16, 1826. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1849. From 1850 till his death, June 15, 1893, he filled various positions in the Church of England as vicar and rector, being appointed Canon of St. Albans in 1892. He was the author of some prose writings, but is best known as a hymnologist. His contributions to hymnody are not numerous--about fifty original hymns and ten translations. Many of these are in common use, and a few are of special value. Dr. Julian says of his hymns: "His verse is elevated in tone, devotional in spirit, and elegant in diction." He published his Hymns for Schools and Bible Classes in 1859, and in 1871, in connection with Bishop How, Church Hymns. His Notes and Illustrations of Church Hymns, 1881, was a valuable popular contribution to hymnology.

Elliott, Charlotte, one of the sweetest though saddest of Christian singers, was the daughter of Charles Elliott, of Clapham and Brighton, England, and the granddaughter of Rev. Henry Venn, an eminent Church of England divine of apostolic character and labors. She was born March 18, 1789. Reared amid refined, cultured Christian surroundings, she developed at quite an early age a passion for music and art. She was unusually well educated. From her thirty-second year until her death, which occurred September 22, 1871, in her eighty-third year, she was a confirmed invalid and oftentimes a great sufferer. She was a member of the Church of England. Her hymns have in them a tenderness and sweetness born of suffering and resignation. Although an invalid, she did a large amount of literary work in her lifetime, publishing several volumes. Her Invalid's Hymn Book was published in various editions from 1834 to 1854, and contained altogether one hundred and fifteen of her hymns. Other poetic volumes by her containing hymns were: Hours of Sorrow, 1836; Hymns for a Week, 1839; Thoughts in Verse on Sacred Subjects, 1869. Her hymns number about one hundred and fifty, a large percentage of which, according to Julian's Dictionary, are in common use. "Her verse is characterized by tenderness of feeling, plaintive simplicity, deep devotion, and perfect rhythm. For those in sickness and sorrow she has sung as few others have done." It is doubtful if any hymn written in the past century is more widely sung and popular the world over than "Just as I am, without one plea." Miss Elliott shrank from publicity, nearly all her books being published in the first instance anonymously.

Elliott, Emily Elizabeth Steele, an Englishwoman, a daughter of the Rev. Edward B. Elliott and a niece of Miss Charlotte Elliott, was born at Brighton July 22, 1836. She published Chimes of Consecration, a volume of seventy original hymns, in 1873, and Chimes for Daily Service, seventy-one hymns, in 1880. A few of her hymns have obtained wide acceptance. She edited the Church Missionary Juvenile Instructor for several years. She died at Mildmay, London, August 3, 1897.

Esling, Catherine Harbison, who first wrote and published poems under her maiden name (Waterman), was born in Philadelphia April 12, 1812. In 1840 she married Captain George J. Esling, of the Merchant Marine, and resided from that date till the death of her husband, in 1844, at Rio de Janeiro, after which she returned to Philadelphia. In 1850 her poems were collected and published under the title The Broken Bracelet and Other Poems. She was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, where she died in 1897.

Evans, William Edwin, a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Baltimore July 11, 1851; was converted in early life and joined the Methodist Church; educated at Randolph-Macon College, which he entered in 1869. He was licensed to preach in 1870, and joined the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1872, but was immediately transferred to the Virginia Conference. After filling various appointments in this Conference, he transferred his Church relationship in 1892 to the Protestant Episcopal Church. Dr. Evans is at present rector of an Episcopal Church in Birmingham, Ala.

Everest, Charles William, an Episcopal clergyman, was born at East Windsor, Conn., May 27, 1814; graduated at Trinity College, Hartford, in 1838; was ordained priest in 1842, and became at once rector of the parish of Hampden, near New Haven, Conn., where he remained for thirty-one years. He died at Waterbury, Conn., January 11, 1877, being at the time an officer in the Society for the Increase of the Ministry. His volume is titled Visions of Death and Other Poems, 1833.

Faber, Frederick William, was born in Yorkshire, England, June 28, 1814. He was of Huguenot origin. He was educated at Harrow School and Balliol College, Oxford, which he entered in 1832. At Oxford he came under the influence of the Rev. John Henry Newman, then vicar of St. Mary's. He entered the ministry of the Church of England, taking deacon's orders in 1837 and priest's orders two years later. Most of his time for the next four years was spent in traveling on the Continent, where he further developed his leaning toward Romanism. On his return to England he became rector of Elton, where he was popular and highly useful. Sunday evening, September 16, 1845, he told his people that he could no longer remain in communion with the Church of England. The next day he was admitted into the Roman Catholic Church at Northampton. In April, 1849, he went to London and took charge of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, where he remained until his death, September 26, 1863. In the preface to the 1849 edition of his Hymns he wrote: "It seemed then in every way desirable that Catholics should have a hymn book for reading. which should contain the mysteries of the faith in easy verse or different states of heart and conscience depicted with the same unadorned simplicity, for example, as the 'O for a closer walk with God' of the Olney Hymns." It was to satisfy this need that Dr. Faber wrote his hymns, and he not only succeeded in large measure in his undertaking to give Roman Catholics good modern hymns, but he wrote many which have had a wide circulation among Protestant Churches. It has been found necessary, however, to eliminate objectionable Romish expressions from many of his hymns in order to adapt them to use in Protestant worship.

Fabricius, Jacob, a chaplain in the army of Gustavus Adolphus, was born in 1593, and died in 1654. There is some doubt as to the authorship of the hymn here credited to him. Some hymnologists have attributed it to Johann Michael Altenburg (1584-1640), a preacher, teacher, and musician of Erfurt, and others attribute it to Gustavus Adolphus.

Farrar, Frederick William, a distinguished divine of the Church of England, was the son of Rev. C. P. Farrar, a missionary to India, and was born in Bombay, India, August 7, 1831. He had the best educational opportunities that England could furnish; received the degree of B.A. at the University of London, and then passed to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with high honors in 1854. He took orders the same year and served in various positions. In 1876 he was made a Canon of Westminster Abbey and rector of St. Margaret's Church. Dr. Farrar became Dean of Canterbury in 1895, and died there March 22, 1903. As a preacher and lecturer he was a man of first rank. He was the author of many books. The best known perhaps are his Life of Christ and Life and Work of St. Paul.

Fawcett, John, a Baptist divine of England, was born at Lidget Green, near Bradford, Yorkshire, January 6, 1739. He was converted under the preaching of Whitefield in 1755 and fellowshiped with the Methodists until 1758, when he joined the Baptist Church at Bradford. In 1765 he became pastor of the Baptist Church at Wainsgate; and although he received many flattering calls to go elsewhere, he remained here, or in the neighborhood at least, living on a pitifully small salary, until his death, July 25, 1817. He was an honored and useful minister of the gospel. He published many volumes on religious subjects, his poetic publications being: Poetic Essays, 1767; The Christian's Humble Plea, a Poem in Answer to Dr. Priestly (a Unitarian), 1772; The Death of Eumenio, a Divine Poem, 1779; The Reign of Death, 1780; Hymns Adapted to the Circumstances of Public Worship and Private Devotion, Leeds, 1782. He wrote altogether one hundred and sixty-six hymns. Most of these hymns were written in the midnight hours of Saturday nights, and, like those of Dr. Doddridge, were composed especially to be sung at the conclusion of his sermons on the Sabbath following.

Findlater, Sarah Borthwick, daughter of James Borthwick of Edinburgh and wife of Rev. Eric John Findlater of Lochearnhead, Perthshire, was born November 26, 1823, and died May 2, 1886. She is joint translator with her sister, Jane Borthwick, of the well-known volumes titled Hymns from the Land of Luther.

Francis, Benjamin, an English Baptist minister, born in Wales in 1734. He united with the Baptist Church at fifteen years of age, and began preaching when only nineteen. He was educated at the Bristol Baptist College. After a brief ministry at Sodbury, he accepted a call to the Baptist Church at Shortwood in 1757, and remained there until his death, December 14, 1799. An earnest and popular preacher and indefatigable worker, he received flattering calls from London and elsewhere, but refused them all in deep devotion to his flock at Shortwood, He published several small volumes of poetry, among them two volumes of Welsh hymns, 1774 and 1786. Five of his hymns were published in Rippon's Selection, 1787. Joseph Grigg's well-known hymn beginning, "Jesus, and shall it ever be," owes its present popular form to Francis.

Freckelton, Thomas Wesley, an English Unitarian, for several years pastor of Unity Church, Islington, was born in 1827, and died in 1903. These are all the facts we have at present concerning the author of one of our most useful hymns on Christian service. Other facts, it is hoped, will be learned in time to be inserted in later editions of this volume.

Gerhardt, Paul, a distinguished Lutheran minister, and, next to Luther, the most popular hymn writer of Germany, was born in Saxony March 12, 1607. He matriculated as a student at the University of Wittenberg January 2, 1628, and seems to have resided in Wittenberg until 1642 or 1643, when he went to Berlin, where he became a tutor in the family of the advocate, Andreas Barthold, whose daughter he married in 1655. In the meantime he had begun to preach, and on November 18, 1651, he was ordained as chief pastor at Mittenwalde, near Berlin. Several of his hymns were published in 1653 in the Berlin Hymn Book, and later in other collections in Brandenburg and Saxony; and became at once very popular with the people. In 1657 he was appointed to the large and influential Church of St. Nicholas, in Berlin, where he preached to large crowds and was happy and useful in his ministry until ejected in 1666 by the edict of the Elector Frederick William, which was designed to make all preaching conform to the Reformed (Calvinistic) faith, and to which edict Gerhardt, believing in an unlimited atonement, refused to conform. As a consequence he was ejected and suffered many and great hardships. In 1669 he was appointed archdeacon of Lubben, in Saxony. He died June 7, 1676. His hymns number only one hundred and twenty-three, of which number about fifty are in common use.

Gibbons, Thomas, an English Independent clergyman, was born at Reak, near Newmarket, May 31, 1720; was a friend of Dr. Watts, and wrote his memoir. In 1743 he accepted a call to a Church in Cheapside, London, and held this pastorate up to his death, February 22, 1785. Dr. Gibbons published a volume of sermons and two volumes of hymns of more than average merit titled Hymns Adapted to Divine Worship, 1769 and 1784.

Gilder, Richard Watson, a distinguished editor and author, the son of Rev. William Henry Gilder, a Methodist minister, was born at Bordentown, N. J., February 8, 1844; educated at his father's seminary at Flushing, Long Island, and later studied Greek and Hebrew under the eminent scholar, Dr. James Strong. He was a private in the Civil War in 1863, and in railroad service in 1864-65, after which he took up literary and editorial work, first on daily papers at Newark, N. J., and then on Hours at Home, a New York monthly. In 1870 he became managing editor of Scribner's Monthly and later its editor in chief, retaining this position after it became the Century Magazine (1881). He was connected with various literary and social reform clubs. He is the author of numerous volumes of poetry. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from several of the leading universities of America in recognition of his scholarly attainments and splendid service to American literature. He died November 19, 1909.

Gill, Thomas Hornblower, an English layman, was born in Birmingham February 10, 1819, and died in 1906. He prepared for the University of Oxford, but could not enter because, having been trained in Unitarian principles, he could not subscribe to the Articles of the Church of England, as was then required. Later he left the Unitarian Church. He wrote about two hundred hymns. Most of them were collected in his Golden Chain of Praise, London, 1869. He was an original hymnist, and had some very correct ideas as to what a hymn should be. In his preface he said: "Hymns are not meant to be theological statements, expositions of doctrine, or enunciations of precepts; they are utterances of the soul in its manifold moods of hope and fear, joy and sorrow, love, wonder, and aspiration. . . . Hymns are meant and made to be sung. The best and most glorious hymns cannot be more exactly defined than as divine love songs."

Gilman, Samuel, a Unitarian minister, born at Gloucester, Mass., February 16, 1791. He graduated at Harvard University in 1811, and was a tutor there in 1817-19. From 1819 to 1858 he was pastor of the Unitarian Church at Charleston, S. C. His death occurred at Kingston, Mass., February 9, 1858. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Harvard in 1837. He was the author of a volume of prose and poetry titled Contributions to Literature, 1856.

Gilmore, Joseph Henry, a Baptist minister, the son of Gov. Joseph A. Gilmore, was born in Boston April 29, 1834; entered Brown University in 1854, and was graduated with high honors in 1858. The same year he entered Newton Theological Seminary, graduating in 1861. He was ordained in 1862 as pastor of a Baptist Church in Fisherville, N. H. In 1863 and 1864 he was the private secretary to his father, at that time Governor of New Hampshire. He was pastor of the Second Baptist Church at Rochester, N. Y., in 1865-67, and acting Professor of Hebrew in Rochester Theological Seminary in 1867-68. In 1868 he became Professor of Logic, Rhetoric, and English Literature in the University of Rochester, a position which at this writing (1911) he still retains as Professor Emeritus, having only recently retired from active work. Dr. Gilmore is the author of some half dozen or more published volumes on the subjects to which he has devoted his life as a teacher, his latest volume being Outlines of English and American Literature, 1905.

Gladden, Washington, a distinguished Congregational minister and author, son of Solomon Gladden, was born at Pottsgrove, Pa., February 11, 1836. Reared on a farm near Oswego, N. Y., and educated in a country district school and at Oswego Academy, he first learned the printer's trade and later entered Williams College, from which he graduated in 1859. He was licensed to preach in 1860. He was successively pastor of Congregational Churches in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1860; Morrisania, N. Y., 1861-66; North Adams, Mass., 1866-71; Springfield, Mass., 1875-82; and from 1882 to the present date (1911) he has been pastor of the First Congregational Church of Columbus, Ohio, where he now resides. From 1871 to 1875 he was on the editorial staff of the New York Independent, and later, while pastor at Springfield, he was editor of the weekly periodical, Sunday Afternoon. Dr. Gladden is one of the most widely known and influential pastors, preachers, lecturers, and religious writers in America. In deep sympathy with the masses and the working people, his voice and pen have long been exercised in the work of social reform. He is the author of about thirty widely read volumes on religious, ethical, and social subjects, among which may be mentioned: Plain Thoughts on the Art of Living, 1868; Workingmen and Their Employers, 1876; The Young Men and the Churches, 1885; Applied Christianity, 1887; Who Wrote the Bible? 1891; The Church and the Kingdom, 1894; Ruling Ideas of the Present Age, 1895; The Christian Pastor, 1898; Social Salvation, 1901; Christianity and Socialism, 1905; Recollections, 1909.

Goode, William, an English clergyman, was born at Buckingham April 2, 1762. He was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, graduating in 1784. He took orders in the Church of England in 1786. His Works, edited by his son, were published in 1822. He was the author of An Entire New Version of the Book of Psalms, London, 1811, which was somewhat widely used for a time. Most of his versions of the Psalms have fallen out of use. He is represented in this Hymnal by one doxology. He died April 15, 1816.

Grant, Robert, was born in India in 1785. His father, a stanch and pious Scotchman, was a leading officer of the East India Company, and his brother Charles was Lord Glenelg. He graduated at Cambridge in 1804; was admitted to the bar in 1807, and filled various public official positions; was appointed Governor of Bombay in 1824. He died in India July 9, 1838. He is the author of several volumes on the work of the East India Company and also of twelve hymns which his brother, Lord Glenelg, published the year after his death in a volume titled Sacred Poems. It rarely happens that a man engaged so deeply in public and political life as was Sir Robert Grant finds time and inclination to write Christian hymns. There are very few hymns of adoration and worship in the entire collection that surpass his hymn beginning: "O worship the King."

Greg, Samuel, an English layman, born at Manchester September 6, 1804. He died May 14, 1877. He was educated at Edinburgh University, and later became a mill owner. He was the author of Scenes from the Life of Jesus, 1854, in which some of his short poems appeared. Some addresses given by him to his workmen at Bollington were published in 1877 as A Layman's Legacy, for which volume Dean Stanley wrote the preface. He wrote only a few hymns. He was a member of the Church of England.

Grigg, Joseph, an English Presbyterian minister, was born in 1720. He was the son of poor parents and brought up to mechanical pursuits. He began writing hymns when he was only ten years old. He entered the ministry in 1743, and became an assistant to Rev. Thomas Bures, pastor of the Silver Street Presbyterian Church, London. He continued here only four years, when he married a woman of wealth and settled at St. Albans. He retired from the active work of the ministry at this time, but did much literary work thereafter, his published works numbering about forty. He died at Walthamstow, Essex, October 29, 1768. Two of his volumes were titled Miscellanies on Moral and Religious Subjects, 1756, and Four Hymns on Divine Subjects Wherein the Patience and Love of Our Divine Saviour Is Displayed, 1765. In 1806 his hymns were collected and published; and again in 1861, nearly a century after his death, a second edition of his hymns was published by Dr. Sedgwick. Only two of his forty-three hymns are found generally in modern hymnals.

Gurney, Dorothy Frances, the daughter of the late Rev. F. G. Blomfield, rector of St. Andrew's Undershaft, London, and granddaughter of Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London, was born at Finsbury Circus October 4, 1858. The "marriage hymn" found in this volume was written before the author's marriage to Mr. Gerald Gurney, whose father, Rev. A. T. Gurney, is author of several meritorious hymns. Mrs. Gurney is now living in England, but we do not know her present address.

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, is justly regarded as one of the greatest and noblest figures in history. He was born at Stockholm in 1594; was slain in the battle of Lützen November 6, 1632. His father died in 1611, and Gustavus ascended the throne of Sweden in his eighteenth year. In the Thirty Years' War, which began in 1618, he was hailed as the champion of Protestantism, and his untimely death at the age of thirty-eight years was an unspeakable loss to that cause. His armies were distinguished for bravery, discipline, and morality. Robbery and license were not allowed. Morning and evening the soldiers gathered around their regimental chaplains for prayer. On the morning of the battle of Lützen it is said the army sang Gustavus's battle bymn, "Fear not, O little flock, the foe." Such an army was a novelty in the history of war.

Hall, Christopher Newman, an English Congregationalist minister, was born at Maidstone May 22, 1816. He was educated at the University of London, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1841. From 1842 to 1854 he was minister at Albion Church, Hull. In 1854 he became the pastor of Surrey Chapel, London, and its successor, Christ Church, Westminster. He was the author of several prose works, and he edited the Christ Church Hymnal, 1876, to which he contributed eighty-two original hymns. His published volumes include the following: Hymns Composed at Bolton Abbey, 1858; Pilgrim Songs in Sunshine and Shade, 1870; Songs of Earth and Heaven, 1886; Lyrics of a Long Life, 1894; and other volumes. His famous little tract, "Come to Jesus," has been translated into more than thirty different languages, and has reached a circulation of over three million. He died February 18, 1902.

Hammond, William, a Moravian minister of England, was born at Battle, Sussex, January 6, 1719. He graduated at Cambridge in 1739. He was converted in 1740. He joined the Calvinistic Methodists in 1743, and began to preach. Two years later he united with the Moravians, and continued with them until his death. He died in London August 19, 1783, leaving an autobiography in Greek which has never been published. In 1744 he published a volume titled Medulla Ecclesiae, which was considered of sufficient value and interest to be republished in England in 1779 and also in America in 1816 under the title The Marrow of the Church. In 1745 he published a volume of Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs, containing 161 original hymns, which are said to have been "much above the hymnology of the period." He was associated with John Cennick, author of "Children of the heavenly King." About twelve of his hymns are in common use.

Hankey, Katherine, is known to the public as the author of two of the most popular of modern hymns, She published The Old, Old Story in 1866, The Old, Old Story and Other Verses in 1879, and Heart to Heart in 1870. Many editions of these small books were sold, and some of her hymns have been translated into many languages. They are full of sweetness and faith. Miss Hankey is said to be the daughter of an English banker. The date of her birth we have not been able to learn. We hope to be able to present later additional facts concerning the life of the author of the very popular hymn which here bears her name. The hymn beginning, "Tell me the old, old story," is scarcely less popular than its companion hymn here given.

Hart, Joseph, a Congregational minister of England, was born in 1712 of pious parents. He was well educated, and was for many years a teacher of the classics. In early life he was pious, but relapsed into sin and exerted a most pernicious influence upon all with whom he associated. While in this backslidden state he wrote a pamphlet titled The Unreasonableness of Religion, Being Remarks and Animadversions on the Rev. John Wesley's Sermon on Romans viii. 32. But he was deeply convicted in his fortieth year, and betook himself to daily prayer and to reading the Scriptures. It was not, however, until he attended a service at the Moravian church in Fetter Lane, London, on Whitsunday, 1757, that he obtained peace. He now became an earnest and consecrated Christian, and many of his best hymns were written within the next two years following his conversion. His Hymns Composed on Various Subjects, with the Author's Experience were published in several editions during his lifetime (first edition, 1759) and subsequent to his death. This volume led to his being importuned to become a preacher, which he did, although in his forty-eighth year, becoming pastor of an Independent congregation in Jewin Street, London, to which he ministered for eight years, "great crowds gathering to hear his fervid and eloquent discourses." He died May 24, 1768, in the midst of labors and successes almost unprecedented, his funeral being attended by twenty thousand people. Of his volume of Hymns a competent judge said: "Herein the doctrines of the gospel are illustrated so practically, the precepts of the Word enforced so evangelically, and their effects stated so experimentally that with propriety it may be styled a treasury of doctrinal, practical, and experimental divinity." One of the author's sons, who attained remarkable success as a barrister, was made a baronet by George IV., and was appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland.

Hastings, Thomas, editor, author, and Doctor of Music, was born at Washington, Conn., October 15, 1784. In youth he removed with his father to Northern New York, and pubsequently resided in New York City. He edited and largely contributed to the following works: Spiritual Songs, 1832; Christian Psalmist, 1836; The Mother's Hymn Book, 1849; and Devotional Hymns and Religious Poems, 1850; and he was also the editor of a number of music books. He died in New York May 15, 1872. "His aim," says Prof. F. M. Bird, "was the greater glory of God through better musical worship; and to this end he, was always training choirs, compiling works, and composing music."

Hatch, Edwin, a Church of England clergyman, was born at Derby September 4, 1835. He graduated at Oxford in 1857. After spending some years in Canada, he returned to England and became in 1867 vice principal of St. Mary's Hall, Oxford. He delivered the Bampton Lectures in 1881 on "The Origin of Early Christian Churches." He was rector of Purleigh from 1883 till his death, November 10, 1889. His hymns and other poems were published in a posthumous volume titled Towards Fields of Light, 1890.

Hatfield, Edwin Francis, a prominent clergyman of the Presbyterian Church, was born at Elizabethtown, N. J., January 9, 1807; was graduated at Middlebury College, and studied theology at Andover. He was ordained in 1832. He was a Pastor in St. Louis three years; in New York (Seventh Church) twenty-one years; and of North Church, in the same city, seven years. Failing health compelled him to give up the pastorate. Dr. Hatfield was an able writer and a useful man. He died at Summit, N. J., September 22, 1883. He is the author of a valuable and well-known volume titled The Poets of the Church, being a series of biographical sketches of hymn writers, with notes on their hymns. it was published in 1884, the year after his death.

Havergal, Frances Ridley, the daughter of Canon W. H. Havergal, of the Church of England, was born at Astley, Worcestershire, December 14, 1836. She is the most gifted and popular lady hymn writer that England has produced in the last half century, being the author of a larger number of hymns in this and other recent Church hymnals than any other woman. Her father was the author of about one hundred hymns, but was more distinguished as a musician and composer of Church music than as a poet. Everything that inheritance, a literary and musical environment, and a cultured Christian home could do to make a Christian singer and hymn writer belonged to Frances Havergal in her youth. "When fifteen years old," she says, "I committed my soul to the Saviour, and earth and heaven seemed brighter from that moment." This was the beginning of a beautiful Christian life. Her knowledge of Hebrew and Greek and modern languages was extensive. Few poets have consecrated their gifts of head and heart and pen more fully to Christ than she did, and few lives ending at forty-three years of age have left behind more pleasing and precious literary treasures than are found in her poems of Christian faith and love and service. She died at Caswall Bay, Swansea, June 3, 1879. Her popularity and influence as an author and hymn writer have steadily increased ever since her death. About seventy-five of her hymns are in common use, and are taken from her various volumes: The Ministry of Song, 1869; Twelve Sacred Songs for Little Singers, 1870; Under the Surface, 1874; Loyal Besponses, 1878; Life Mosaics, 1879; Life Chords, 1880; Life Echoes, 1883; Poems, 1884. Eight of her hymns are contained in this collection. (See note to No. 648.)

Haweis, Hugh Reginald, an eminent author and clergyman of the Church of England, son of Rev. J. W. O. Haweis, canon of Chichester, was born in 1838 at Egham, Surrey. He graduated at Cambridge in 1861. For many years before his death he was incumbent of St. James's, Marylebone, London. He was a skilled musician, and drilled and led his own choir of boys and men. He was the author of many volumes, among them My Musical Life, 1886, and Music and Morals, 1871 (fifteenth edition, 1888). He was for a time editor of Cassell's Magazine. He died in 1901. It is very doubtful whether Dr. Haweis is properly credited with the hymn here attributed to him.

Hawker, Robert, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Exeter, England, in 1753, and was educated for the medical profession, becoming a doctor of medicine. After taking holy orders, he became incumbent of a Church in Plymouth, and remained there until his death, April 6, 1827. He was noted as a polemical preacher and writer, and also as the author and compiler of one of the earliest and most popular of the hymn books for children called forth by the Sunday school movement. His Psalms and Hymns Sung by the Sunday School (published about 1787) passed through thirteen editions. His most famous hymn is the doxology found in this Hymnal:

Hawks, Annie Sherwood, has written a number of hymns, some of them very popular, but no other so widely useful as "I need thee every hour," found in this book. Mrs. Hawks was born in Hoosick, N. Y., May 28, 1835. For many years she resided in Brooklyn, N. Y., where this hymn was written in 1872. She was a member of the Baptist Church in Brooklyn, of which Rev. Robert Lowry, the musical composer and hymn writer, was pastor. We hope to be able to supplement these brief facts at some later time with additional information concerning the author of this popular hymn.

Hay, John, the late Secretary of State under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, was a poet as well as a diplomat and statesman. He was born at Salem, Ind., October 8, 1838; graduated in 1858 at Brown University; entered the legal profession in Illinois, and became private secretary to President Lincoln, which position he resigned to enter the Union army in the Civil War. In the diplomatic service he represented the United States successively at Paris, Madrid, and Vienna; and in 1897-98 he was Ambassador to the Court of St. James. He was First Assistant Secretary of State in 1879-81, and in 1898 he was called home from England to fill the most responsible office in the government, excepting only that of the chief executive, being Secretary of State from 1898 until his death, July 1, 1905. In addition to a voluminous life of Abraham Lincoln in ten volumes (in connection with J. G. Nicolay), 1887, he published Castilian Days, 1871; Pike County Ballads, 1871; and Poems, 1890. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church. Three of his poems are used as hymns in modern Church hymnals. His hymn on "Sinai and Calvary" is possessed of more than ordinary merit, and shows that a great statesman may rightly estimate the moral value and lessons of both the law and the gospel.

Hearn, Marianne, was born at Farningham, Kent, England, December 17, 1834; and died at Barmouth March 16, 1909. She was a member of the Baptist Church. She was on the editorial staff of the religious periodical called the Christian World, and was also editor of the Sunday School Times (of England). She wrote under the nom de plume of "Marianne Farningham." She published volumes titled: Lays and Lyrics of the Blessed Life, 1861; Poems, 1865; Morning and Evening Hymns for the Week, 1870; Song of Sunshine, 1878; and Harvest Gleanings and Gathered Fragments, 1903. She is most widely known as the author of a popular hymn sung by Mr. Ira D. Sankey, titled "Waiting and Watching for Me." At her death she was one of the most greatly beloved and honored women in the Baptist Church in England.

Heath, George, an Englishman, was born about 1745. He was the pastor of a Presbyterian Church at Honiton, Devon, in 1770; died in 1822. He was the author of Hymns and Poetic Essays Sacred to the Public and Private Worship of the Deity, and to Religious and Christian Improvement, Bristol, 1781. According to Hatfield, Duffield, and other authorities, Heath "proved unworthy of his office as a Presbyterian pastor and lost his position by bad conduct." He later, it seems, became a Unitarian minister. "It is a striking commentary on his hymn," says Duffield, "that its author should have failed in the very mode against which his stirring trumpet blast ought effectually to have warned him. But let us be charitable and hope that this was one of the fruits of true repentance, for the hymn was published in 1781."

Heber, Reginald a bishop of the Church of England, was born at Malpas April 21, 1783. He was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he early took the prize for both Latin and English poems; ordained in 1807, and became rector at Hodnet. He was Missionary Bishop of Calcutta from 1823 until his death, April 3, 1826. He was a man of learning and piety. He was Bampton lecturer in 1815. His hymns are among the most popular in the language. They were collected and published the year after his death under the title Hymns Written and Adapted to the Weekly Church Service of the Year, 1827. All of Bishop Heber's hymns were written while he was at Hodnet. He tried in 1820 to secure from Archbishop Manners Sutton and the Bishop of London official episcopal authorization for the use of his manuscript hymns in the Church, but they declined to grant it. But the whole Christian world has done what the prelates of the Church would not do. His authorship of our most popular missionary hymn and his early and pathetic death as Missionary Bishop of India have made his name "as ointment poured forth" in the annals of modern Christian missions.

Hedge, Frederick Henry, a Unitarian divine, professor and author of note, was born at Cambridge, Mass., December 12, 1805. He graduated at Harvard College in 1825, and at the Theological School, Cambridge, in 1828. For a number of years he was the pastor of Unitarian Churches. In 1857 he became Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the Divinity School, and in 1872 Professor of German Literature at Harvard, which place he held many years. In 1853 he and Dr. F. D. Huntingdon (who later became a bishop in the Episcopal Church) prepared a volume titled Hymns for the Church of Christ, for use in Unitarian Churches. Dr. Hedge was for some years one of the editors of the Christian Examiner. His Prose Writers of Germany, 1848, is a standard work. He did much to introduce and popularize German scholarship and literature in this country. Dr. Hedge died at Cambridge August 21, 1890. Of some eight or more hymns and translations by him, we have but one in our Hymnal--a translation--but it is one of the best in the entire collection.

Herbert, Petrus, a Moravian minister, was ordained in 1562. The date of his birth is not known. He died in 1571. He was one of the editors of the Brethren's German hymn book, published in 1566, to which he contributed many hymns.

Holden, Oliver, author of "Coronation" and other popular tunes, was born at Shirley, Mass., in 1765. He was originally a carpenter by trade, but became a teacher, composer, and publisher of music at Charlestown, Mass. He published between 1792 and 1802 some eight or ten music books. He wrote also several original hymns. He died at Charlestown, Mass., in 1844. See "Biographical Index of Composers" for further information.

Holland, Josiah Gilbert, an eminent American editor and author, was born in Belchertown, Mass., July 24, 1819. He was a farmer's son, and his early educational advantages were poor. He succeeded in attending a high school at Northampton for a time. At the age of twenty-one he began the study of medicine, and graduated with the degree of M.D. at Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Mass., in 1844. A short practice of his profession developed a dislike for it, and he turned to literature. About 1850 he became connected with the Springfield Republican, a position which he held fifteen years. He was a voluminous author. Among his works we find: Timothy Titcomb's Letters, 1858; Gold Foil, 1859; Life of Abraham Lincoln, 1865; Bitter Sweet, a dramatic poem, 1858; Kathrina, 1867; Arthur Bonnicastle, 1873. In connection with the Scribners in 1870 he founded Scribner's Monthly, of which periodical he became the editor, and continued in this relation until his death, in New York City, October 12, 1881.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, the eminent American poet and man of letters, was the son of Rev. Abiel Holmes, D.D., a Congregational minister, and was born in Cambridge, Mass., August 29, 1809. He was graduated at Harvard in 1829, then made a thorough study of medicine at home and abroad, was elected Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Dartmouth in 1838, and in 1847 was elected to the same chair at Harvard, which position he filled until 1882, when he became emeritus professor. He lived to the advanced age of eighty-five and continued to do literary work almost to the end. He died October 7, 1894. He published many volumes during his life, and is one of the most widely known of American authors. His writings abound in pathos and humor. He was a Unitarian in faith. Dr. Holmes wrote only a few hymns, some half a dozen of which are found in modern hymnals, the three here found being perhaps his best.

Hopper, Edward, a Presbyterian minister, born in the city of New York in 1818. He graduated at Now York University in 1839, and studied theology at Union Seminary. For many years he was the popular pastor of the Church of the Sea and Land, in New York. Dr. Hopper died in 1888.

Hopps, John Page, an English Unitarian minister, was born in London November 6, 1834; and died at Shepperton-on-Thames April 6, 1911. He was educated at the Baptist College at Leicester, and began his public service as a Baptist minister in 1856 in Leicestershire, and was for a time a colleague of George Dawson in Birmingham. From 1860 to 1876 he served Unitarian congregations at Sheffield, Dukinfield, and Glasgow. His work in Leicester began in 1876. As preacher, as editor of the Truthseeker (1863-87) and of the Coming Day, (1891-1911), and as author of some fifteen or more volumes he exercised an extended influence among English Unitarians. Among his publications are no less than eight volumes of hymns which he compiled, and to which he made original contributions of his own.

Hosmer, Frederick Lucian, was born in Framingham, Mass., in 1840; graduated at Harvard College in 1862, and at the Divinity School, Cambridge, in 1869. He has been pastor of Unitarian Churches at Quincy, Ill., 1872-77; Cleveland, Ohio, 1878-92; St. Louis, 1894-99; and later at Berkeley, Cal., where he now resides. He was one of the editors of the Unity Hymns, 1880. In 1908 Dr. Hosmer delivered a course of lectures at Harvard University on "Church Hymnody." Among his published volumes are: The Way of Life, 1877; The Thought of God in Hymns and Poems (first series, 1885; second series, 1894).

Hoss, Elijah Embree, a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was born in Washington County, Tenn., April 14, 1849, being the son of Henry and Anna M. (Sevier) Hoss. He was educated at Ohio Wesleyan University and Emory and Henry College (Virginia). Ordained to the ministry in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1870, he was a pastor at Knoxville, Tenn., 1870-72, San Francisco, 1872-74, Asheville, N. C., 1875; professor and President Martha Washington College, Abingdon, Va., 1876-81; Vice President and later President of Emory and Henry College, 1881-85; Professor of Church History in Vanderbilt University, 1885-90; editor Nashville Christian Advocate, 1890-1902; elected bishop at Dallas, Tex., in May, 1902. Residence at Nashville, Tenn.

How, William Walsham, a bishop of the Church of England, was born at Shrewsbury, England, December 13, 1823; was graduated Bachelor of Arts at Wadham College, Oxford, in 1845. He was ordained to the ministry in 1846, and held various positions in the Church of England before he became bishop, in 1888. He died August 10, 1897. In connection with Rev. T. B. Morrell, he compiled a book of Psalms and Hymns, 1854. He also contributed several hymns to Church Hymns, 1871. His sacred and secular pieces were collected and published in 1886 as Poems and Hymns. Bishop How's hymns are characterized by a simplicity of manner and a warmth of feeling that have made some of them very popular. Six of them are found in this collection:

Hunter, William, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Ireland May 26, 1811, and came to America when but a youth. He was graduated at Madison College in 1833. Dr. Hunter was for a number of years Professor of Hebrew and Biblical Literature in Alleghany College. He was editor of the Pittsburg Christian Advocate from 1844 to 1852, and again from 1872 to 1876. He was the author of a large number of hymns, which he published in his Select Melodies (1838-51), Minstrel of Zion (1845), and Songs of Devotion (1860). He was one of the committee of twelve appointed by the General Conference of 1876 to revise the Church hymnal. He died October 18, 1877. His brother, Rev. Andrew Hunter, D.D., was a highly honored and most useful minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and at the time of his death the greatly beloved patriarch of his Church.

Hutton, Frances A., is the English lady who altered two stanzas of James Montgomery's great hymn beginning: "In the hour of trial." Mrs. Hutton's altered edition of Montgomery's hymn was published in the 1867 Supplement to Hymns for the Church Service, 1862, edited by Prebendary H. W. Hutton, of Lincoln. We have no other facts concerning her life. We hope that we can obtain these facts for a later edition of this volume.

Ingemann, Bernhardt Severin, a Danish teacher, poet, and novelist, was born on the island of Falster, Denmark, May 28, 1789. He was a Professor of the Danish Language and Literature at the Academy of Sorö, Zealand, Denmark, from 1822 till his death, in 1862. The only hymn by him in common use is that found in this volume; but it possesses more than ordinary merit, and is widely known in its English dress. It brings out very forcibly the brotherhood of man and the expectation of the Christian believer. Seven of his hymns have been translated into English. His collected works were published in thirty-four volumes in 1851.

Irons, William Josiah, a Church of England clergyman, was born at Hoddesdon September 12, 1812; was graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, Bachelor of Arts, in 1833, and took orders in 1835. Dr. Irons died June 18, 1883. His most valuable prose work was his Bampton Lectures, 1870, on "Christianity as Taught by St. Paul." He was also the editor or author of several books of hymns. Dr. Julian says of him: "Amongst modern hymn writers Dr. Irons ranks with the first. His hymns have not been largely used outside of his own congregation, but their high excellence, variety of subjects and meters, intense earnestness, powerful grasp of the subject, and almost faultless rhythm must commend them to the notice of hymn book compilers."

Jacobi, John Christian, a native of Germany, was born in 1670. He was keeper of the Royal German Chapel, St. James's Palace, London, from 1708 till his death, December 14, 1750. He published in 1720 a volume titled A Collection of Hymns, Translated front the High Dutch. It contained fifteen hymns. Two years later, it was republished in enlarged form under the title Psalmodia Germanica; or, A Specimen of Divine Hymns. Translated from the High Dutch. This edition contained sixty-two hymns. The hymn here given is a translation of one of Paul Gerhardt's hymns.

Jacopone da Todi, also known as Jacobus de Benedictis, an Italian monk and poet, was born at Todi, in Umbria, early in the thirteenth century. "He was descended from a noble family," says Julian, "and for some time led a secular life. Some remarkable circumstances which attended the violent death of his wife led him to withdraw himself from the world and to enter the order of St. Francis, in which he remained as a lay brother till his death, at an advanced age, in 1306. His zeal led him to attack the religious abuses of the day. This brought him into conflict with Pope Boniface VIII., the result being his imprisonment for long periods." His oddities, eccentricities, and extravagances were such as to leave neighbors in doubt as to whether he was of a sound mind. Tradition at Todi, his birthplace, credits him with the authorship of the famous Latin hymn, "Stabat mater dolorosa," but it is by no means certain that he wrote it.

John of Damascus was the greatest theologian and poet of the Greek Church. His active life belonged to the eighth century, but the exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His work on theology, Doctrines of the Orthodox Church, is still a standard textbook in the Eastern Church. He was famous as a philosopher and as an opponent of the Iconoclasts of his time. Late in life he was ordained priest of the Church at Jerusalem.

Johnson, E., is known only as the author of the hymn here attributed to him. We shall welcome any information concerning him or his hymn that may be in the possession of any one who may read these lines. The popular tune to which this hymn is sung was composed by William G. Fischer, who found the words in a newspaper. It is to be hoped that some facts concerning Mr. Johnson and his hymn may come to light in time to be incorporated in later editions of this volume. The hymn reads as if it had been called forth by an experience of suffering or sorrow, as if the author had learned in suffering what he teaches in song. It is, as a rule, only when storms and floods come that one flees for refuge to "the Rock that is higher than I."

Johnson, Samuel, an Independent preacher, was born in Salem, Mass., October 10, 1822; was graduated at Harvard College in 1842, and at Cambridge Divinity School in 1846. In 1853 he established an Independent Church at Lynn, Mass., and continued as its pastor until 1870. Although independent in Church relations, he was associated in the public mind with the Unitarians. He was a man of strong intellect, a voluminous writer, and published many pamphlets and books. In connection with Rev. Samuel Longfellow, he compiled a Book of Hymns, 1846, and Hymns of the Spirit, 1864. He died in 1882. "His contributions to these collections," says Prof. F. M. Bird, "were less numerous but not less meritorious than those by Mr. Longfellow."

Jones, Edmund, an English Baptist minister, son of Rev. Philip Jones, was born in 1722 in Gloucestershire; educated at the Baptist College at Bristol; was ordained pastor of the Baptist Church at Exeter, Devonshire, in 1743; died April 15, 1765. The Church at Exeter, like many Baptist Churches at that day, was opposed to "the service of song" in public worship, but it is not a matter of surprise that the author of so excellent a hymn as the following should have wrought a complete revolution in their sentiments regarding this feature of divine worship. in 1760 he published a volume titled Sacred Poems.

Julian, John, an eminent English clergyman, was born at St. Agnes, in Cornwall, January 27, 1839; was educated privately; took orders in the Church of England in 1866; was vicar of Wincobanck, 1876-1905; since 1905, vicar of Topcliff. He received M.A. from Durham University, 1887; D.D. from Lambeth, 1894; LL.D. from Howard University, Washington, 1894. Dr. Julian was editor in chief of the Dictionary of Hymnology, published in London and New York in 1892. A second edition of this great and invaluable work, with a new supplement, was published in 1907. This Dictionary is the most important work ever published in English hymnology. It is a truly monumental work, and to it all who now study or write in the department of hymnology must go for information not to be found in any other volume. Dr. Julian has also published volumes titled: Concerning Hymns, 1874; History of the Use of Hymns in Public Worship, and Their Proper Characteristics, 1894; Carols, Ancient and Modern, 1900. He is the author of several hymns and translations found in English hymnals. A few years ago he presented his large collection of hymnological books and manuscripts to the Church House, Dean's Yard, London, where it forms the hymnological department of the library.

Keble, John, author of The Christian Year, was the son of a clergyman of the same name belonging to the Church of England, and was born April 25, 1792. He was graduated at Oxford in 1810, and was ordained in 1815. In 1827 he published his well-known volume, The Christian Year, ninety-six editions of which appeared before his death. In 1831 he was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford. A sermon preached by him on "National Apostacy" has been regarded as he real origin of the "tractarian movement in 1833." He wrote eight of the "Tracts for the Times." He was a pronounced High-Churchman. He was a contributor to the Lyra Apostolica, and in 1834 he united with Drs. Newman and Pusey in editing the Library of the Fathers. He was the author of several volumes, among them A Metrical Version of the Psalms, 1839, and Lyra Innocentium, 1846. He died March 29, 1866.

Keen, R., was a leader of music in the Baptist Church in London, of which Dr. John Rippon (1751-1836) was pastor, and in whose volume titled A Selection of Hymns from the Best Authors, 1787, the hymn beginning "How firm a foundation" was first published. The tune accompanying this hymn was composed by R. Keen (also spelled "Keene" in some collections), and the letter "K" is signed to the hymn. In a Baptist Collection of Hymns published by Dr. A. Fletcher in 1822 the signature at the end of the hymn is "Kn," and in the 1835 edition of Fletcher's Collection it is given as "Keen." Dr. Fletcher was assisted in the preparation of his hymn book by Thomas Walker, who was the compiler of the Tune Book accompanying Dr. Rippon's Selection, and who therefore not only knew Keen, but also knew, we may safely infer, what the "K" stood for at the end of this now famous hymn. Dr. Rippon was also living in 1835, when Fletcher and Walker assigned this hymn to Keen. Putting all these facts together, it is not strange that Dr. Julian and other hymnologists have reached the conclusion that this hymn should be assigned to Keen and not to Kirkham (as in modern editions of Rippon's Selection, published since Dr. Rippon's death) or to George Keith, as was done by Daniel Sedgwick and others, acting wholly in doing so on the questionable testimony of an old woman in an almshouse. In view of these facts, we feel justified in giving Keen a place among the hymn writers of the Church. We await the discovery of information concerning him.

Kelly, Thomas, the son of Right Hon. Baron Kelly, was born in Dublin, Ireland, July 13, 1769; was graduated at Trinity College, Dublin University; studied law. but abandoned it in 1793 to enter the ministry of the Established Church. His evangelical and heart-searching preaching proved too strong for the Established Church, and he was forbidden by Archbishop Fowler to preach in the city. For some time he preached in two "unconsecrated places" in Dublin, and then he left the Established Church and became an Independent. He was very wealthy, and as liberal as he was wealthy. He was a most pious, consecrated, and useful preacher. He labored in Dublin for more than sixty years, and lived to be eighty-five years old. He died May 14, 1854. His Scripture Hymns grew from a volume of ninety-six hymns as first published in 1804 to a collection of 765 in 1853, all original.

Ken, Thomas, a bishop of the Church of England, one of the gentlest, truest, and grandest men of his age, was born in Berkhampstead, England, in July, 1637; was educated at Winchester School and Oxford University, graduating B.A. in 1661. He held several livings in different parts of England. In 1680 he returned to Winchester. In 1685 he was appointed by Charles H. Bishop of Bath and Wells. In connection with six other bishops, he refused to publish the "Declaration of Indulgence" issued by James II. in 1688, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. After the revolution he became a nonjuror for conscience' sake, was superseded in office, and spent the rest of his life in retirement. He died March 19, 1711, at the residence of his friend, Lord Weymouth. In 1695 he published A Manual of Prayers for the Use of the Scholars of Winchester College and All Other Devout Christians, to Which Is Added Three Hymns for Morning, Evening, and Midnight.

Kethe, William, was a Scotch divine of the sixteenth century. The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. He is the author of the English versions of twenty-seven Psalms found in the Anglo-Genevan Psalter, 1561. The hundredth Psalm was one of these. He lived in the days that tried men's souls, being one of that heroic number of Protestants that were driven in exile to Frankfurt and Geneva about the middle of the sixteenth century. There is no more unique, quaint, and interesting hymn in our Hymnal than the version of the one hundredth Psalm which we owe to William Kethe.

Kimball, Harriet McEwen, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., in November, 1834. She is a member of the Roman Catholic Church and the author of both sacred and secular verse. Among her publications are: Hymns, 1866; Swallow Flights of Song, 1874; Poems (complete edition), 1889. Miss Kimball is the chief founder of the Cottage Hospital at Portsmouth, where she still resides.

Kipling, Rudyard, the well-known English poet, was born at Bombay, India, December 30, 1865. His father, John Lockwood Kipling (a retired officer of the British Indian Educational Service, now living at Salisbury, England), is a son of the late Rev. Joseph Kipling and Alice Macdonald Kipling (a daughter of Rev. G. B. Macdonald, a Wesleyan minister). It thus appears that the grandfather of the poet, both on his father's and his mother's side, was a clergyman. There is no more familiar and honored name in contemporaneous English literature than that of Rudyard Kipling. His writings are so numerous, so well known, and so widely read as not to need mention here. He is a Christian patriot in the highest sense, his poems making for international peace and universal brotherhood among men. Most notable among the poems that promote this larger patriotism and international Christian altruism among men may be mentioned "The White Man's Burden" and "The Recessional," which is rapidly finding its place in all the great hymnals of the modern Church. What Kipling has done as a poet is so marked by poetic genius and moral strength as to make the English people hope for and expect yet greater contributions in the future perhaps than anything he has yet written. He resides at Burwash, Sussex, England.

Lanier, Sidney, an American poet, was born at Macon, Ga., February 3, 1842. He was educated at Oglethorpe College, Ga., where he was graduated in 1860. He was a private in the Confederate army during the Civil War (1861-65); was captured in 1863, spending several months in a Federal prison, and his first published volume, titled Tiger Lilies, 1867, was founded on his experiences in prison. After the close of the war he was a clerk, a teacher, and a lawyer; but being by nature a musician and a poet, he found any calling but that of literature and music irksome to him. He was noted as a flute-player, and many of his best poems are enriched by his rare knowledge of music. In 1877 he was appointed lecturer on English Literature in Johns Hopkins University, and two of his most scholarly volumes contain lectures delivered there--viz., The Science of English Verse, 1880, and The English Novel, 1883. His Poems were first published in 1876, and a complete edition after his death. After a hard struggle against the inroads of consumption, he died September 7, 1881, in Western North Carolina, where he had gone in search of health. Many of his finest poems were written when he was almost too weak to guide his pen. He is regarded as the greatest of Southern poets. The latest and best life of Lanier is that of Prof. Edwin Mims, and the best study of his poems for the distinctly Christian teaching they contain is found in a volume by President H. N. Snyder. Both Dr. Mims and Dr. Snyder were members of the Commission that prepared this Hymnal. Lanier was a lover of nature scarcely less than Wordsworth, and much of what he taught in song he learned in suffering. His love of nature and his deep devotion to Christ, the great sufferer, are beautifully brought out in the little gem here selected from his poems.

Lathbury, Mary Artemisia, the daughter of Rev. John Lathbury, a Methodist minister, was born in Manchester, N. Y., August 10, 1841. Two of her brothers, Albert Augustus and Clarence Lathbury, are ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Her present address is East Orange, N. J. After leaving school she became an art teacher, and later engaged in editorial work. For many years her work has been in general literature and illustration, being editor of a picture lesson paper. Miss Lathbury is the author of some eight or ten small volumes, but she is most widely and favorably known through her songs and hymns, which were composed especially for use in the religious exercises at Chautauqua. Among the new hymns added by the compilers to the Methodist Hymnal none are more universally admired than the two short hymns from her pen found in this collection. In both cases the tunes are beautifully suited to the sentiment of the hymns. It could be wished that we had a dozen or more hymns from her pen in our Hymnal if all of them could be as poetic and devotional as these two beautiful lyrics.

Leeson, Jane Elizabeth, an English lady hymn writer, born in 1807, and author of the following volumes: Hymns and Scenes of Childhood, 1842; Songs of Christian Chivalry, 1848; The Child's Book of Ballads, 1849; Paraphrases and Hymns for Congregational Singing, 1853. Miss Leeson had rare gifts in writing for children. She died in 1882. It is hoped that we may obtain additional facts concerning her life to add to this meager sketch, which embodies all that is at present known of her.

Lloyd, William Freeman, an English layman and Sunday school worker, was born at Uley, in Gloucestershire, England, December 22, 1791. In 1810 he became one of the secretaries of the Sunday School Union, and became connected with the Religious Tract Society in 1816. He prepared a large number of small books for the use of children, writing, editing, or compiling them. He began the Sunday School Teacher's Magazine. His Thoughts in Rhyme, a book of one hundred and six pages, was published in London in 1851. Mr. Lloyd died April 22, 1853.

Longfellow, Samuel, a Unitarian minister, brother of the poet Henry W. Longfellow, was born in Portland, Me., June 18, 1819. He was graduated at Harvard in 1839, and at the Divinity School, Cambridge, in 1846. His first Church was at Fall River, Mass. In 1853 he was installed pastor of the Second Unitarian Church in Brooklyn, N. Y., where he remained until 1860. After that he did not serve as a regular pastor. He preached occasionally and engaged in a variety of literary labor. He died at Portland, Me., October 3, 1892. In connection with the Rev. Samuel Johnson, he compiled A Book of Hymns, 1846, and Hymns of the Spirit, 1864. Three of his hymns appear in this book. They are of far more than average merit.

Luke, Jemima Thompson, the wife of Rev. Samuel Luke, an Independent minister of England, was the daughter of Thomas Thompson, a philanthropist, and was born at Colebrook Terrace, Islington, August 19, 1813. When only thirteen years of age she began writing for the Juvenile Magazine. She published a volume titled The Female Jesuit in 1851 and A Memoir of Eliza Ann Harris, of Clifton, in 1859, but her name is known to the Christian world almost wholly through the one hymn found in this volume. Mrs. Luke died February 2, 1906.

Luther, Martin, the hero of the Reformation, was born in the village of Eisleben November 10, 1483; entered the University at Erfurt in 1501, and was graduated with honor, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In 1505 he entered an Augustinian monastery at Erfurt, was consecrated to the priesthood in 1507, and was very faithful to all the regulations of the order. He afterwards said: "If ever a monk got to heaven by monkery, I was determined to get there." He was a diligent scholar, and in 1508 was called to the chair of Philosophy in the University of Wittenberg. In 1512 he received the degree of Doctor of Theology. In the meantime he made a pilgrimage to Rome, where he saw much corruption among the clergy; but still his faith was strong in the Roman Church. It was the shameless sale of indulgences by Tetzel, authorized by Leo X., that first opened his eyes and determined him to make public opposition. On October 31, 1517, at midday, Luther posted his ninety-five Theses against the Merits of Indulgences on the church door at Wittenberg. That day was the birthday of the Reformation. The burning of the pope's bull of excommunication in 1520, the Diet of Worms in 1521, Luther's concealment in the castle at Wartburg, and his marriage in 1525 are matters of interest upon which we cannot dwell. It was during his Wartburg captivity that he translated the New Testament, published in 1522, into the mother tongue of the German people. After giving them the Scriptures he felt the need of psalms and hymns in the German language, and employed others to supply them. He himself translated psalms and wrote hymns, to some of which he adapted tunes. Luther wove the gospel into these hymns. They were gladly received and widely circulated. A Romanist of the time wrote: "The whole people is singing itself into this Lutheran doctrine." The first collection of Luther's hymns was published in 1524. He died February 18, 1546. Few things can stir Protestants like the singing of "Luther's hymn" (No. 101).

Lynch, Thomas Toke, an English Congregational minister, was born at Dunmow, Essex, July 5, 1818, and was educated at Islington and at Highbury Independent College. He was pastor of a small Church at Highgate in 1847 to 1849, and from 1849 to 1852 of a congregation on Mortimer Street, London, that later moved to Fitzroy Square. He was an invalid for three years (1856-59), but resumed pastoral relations in 1860 with his former parishioners, who completed a new place of worship (Mornington Church) on Hampstead Road, London, in 1862, where he continued to preach until his death, May 9, 1871. His hymns were published in a volume titled The Rivulet, a Contribution to Sacred Song, which appeared in several editions, 1855-68. W. G. Horder gives the following discriminating estimate of Lynch's merits and influence as a hymn writer:

The influence of Lynch's ministry was great, and reached far beyond his own congregation, since it included many students from the theological colleges of London and thoughtful men from other Churches, who were attracted to him by the freshness and spirituality of his preaching. His prose works were numerous. . . . His hymns are marked by intense individuality, gracefulness and felicity of diction, picturesqueness, spiritual freshness, and the sadness of a powerful soul struggling with a weak and emaciated body.

The publication of his Rivulet caused one of the most bitter hymnological controversies known in the annals of modern Congregationalism. Time, however, and a criticism broader and more just have declared emphatically in favor of his hymns as valuable contributions to cultured sacred song.

It is to be regretted that only one of his twenty-five hymns is found in our Hymnal.

Lyte, Henry Francis, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Ednam, near Kelso, Scotland, June 1, 1793. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1814. During his college course he won the prize for the best English poem on three occasions. He took orders in the Church of England in 1815. In 1818, at Marazion, in Cornwall, he experienced a great spiritual change which influenced all his after life. This was occasioned by visits to a brother clergyman who was sick, and who died happy, trusting alone in the atonement and power of his Saviour. Lyte wrote concerning himself: "I was greatly affected by the whole matter, and brought to look at life and its issue with a different eye than before; and I began to study my Bible and preach in another manner than I had previously done." In 1823 he was appointed curate at Lower Brixham, which living he held until his death, November 20, 1847. His hymns are spiritual and tender. They are found mostly in two books: Poems, Chiefly Religious, 1833 (second edition, 1845), and The Spirit of the Psalms, 1834 (enlarged edition, 1836). He died of consumption under pathetic circumstances while on a visit to Nice, a winter health resort in Southern France, where he lies buried. His swan song, "Abide with me," is used by all Christendom.

Macduff, John Ross, a Presbyterian minister, was born at Bonhard, near Perth, Scotland, May 23, 1818, and educated at the high school of Edinburgh and in the university of the same city. He became a minister of the Church of Scotland in 1842. Among his pastorates was one of fifteen years in the city of Glasgow. In 1871 Dr. Macduff gave up the pastoral relation. He is the author of a number of volumes in prose and poetry, some of which have great practical and devotional value and have a wide circulation. Most of his hymns appeared in his Altar Stones, 1853, and in The Gates of Praise, 1876. He died April 30, 1895. The Universities of Glasgow and of New York each conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity.

Mackay, Margaret, the daughter of Capt. Robert Mackay, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1802. In 1820 she was married to Col. William Mackay, a distinguished officer in the English army. She died January 5, 1887. Her Thoughts Redeemed; or, Lays of Leisure Hours, 1854, contained seventy-two of her hymns and poems. Among her prose works, The Family at Heatherdale was most widely read. Of all modern funeral hymns, none is oftener sung than her soothing and tender lyric,

Macleod, Norman, a distinguished Scotch divine, was the son of Dr. Norman Macleod, and was born at Campbeltown, Argyllshire, Scotland, June 3, 1812. He was educated at the Universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Germany. In 1838 he became the parish minister of Londoun, Ayrshire; in 1843, of Dalkeith; and in 1851, of the Barony, Glasgow. In 1841 he was appointed as one of the queen's chaplains, and in 1860 he became the editor of Good Words, which he continued to edit until his death, at Glasgow on June 16, 1872. He is the author of numerous published volumes, several of which have attained great popularity. He was one of the most widely known and influential ministers of the Established Church of Scotland. He has but one hymn that has come into common use:

Madan, Martin, was born in 1726, and designed to become a member of the English bar; but through the influence of a sermon by John Wesley on the text, "Prepare to meet thy God," he was converted, and at length became a clergyman in the Church of England. He died in 1790. Ile was the editor of a small but famous hymn book: A Collection of Psalms and Hymns Extracted from Various Authors, London, 1760. Several editions of this book were published, and its influence was important in English hymnody. Madan was a popular preacher and a composer of several psalm tunes used in his day. His name appears in this book only in connection with one of the hymns of Isaac Watts.

Malan, Henri Abraham Caesar, was born in Geneva in 1787. He was a precocious child and a man of genius. In 1810 he was consecrated to the ministry, and was appointed to preach in the cathedral at Geneva that Calvin had formerly occupied. This influential Presbytery had become rationalistic and Socinian. Malan was led to see its errors, became orthodox in faith and experience, and in 1818 was in consequence dismissed from the Established Church. He continued to preach, write, and labor with great zeal and success until his death, in 1864. Dr. Malan was a composer of music as well as a hymn writer. Three of his tunes are found in the Hymnal.

March, Daniel, an American Congregational minister, was born at Millbury, Mass., in 1816. He graduated at Yale in 1843, was ordained in the Presbyterian ministry in 1845, and joined the Congregational Church later. He was a pastor in Philadelphia in 1868 at the time he wrote the hymn found in this volume. He is the author of a widely circulated volume titled Night Scenes in the Bible, 1869, and of other popular prose works. He died at Woburn, Mass., March 2, 1909.

Marcy, Elizabeth Eunice, was born at Eastham, Conn., December 22, 1821. She was the wife of Oliver Marcy, LL.D., Professor of Natural History in the Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., where he died in 1899, and where Mrs. Marcy also died January 26, 1911.

Marriott, John, a clergyman of the Church of England, was the son of a clergyman, and was born in 1780; was educated at Rugby and Oxford; took holy orders in 1803; served various parishes; and died at his home, near Exeter, March 31, 1825. He was a friend of Sir Walter Scott, who dedicated the second canto of his Marmion to him. His Sermons were published in 1838. Two other hymns by him have been published, but the only one that is in common use is that here given, which is a Christian lyric of great value.

Marsden, Joshua, a Wesleyan minister, was born in 1777, and died in 1837. His early educational advantages were very limited, and he did not, it seems, make the most of such as he had. He was a wild, thoughtless, and wicked boy. At the age of eighteen he enlisted in the British navy and grew more reckless than ever. But at length, he says, "the grace of God that bringeth salvation turned my feet into the way of peace." He became a missionary to Nova Scotia, and afterwards to the Bermuda Islands. He was the author of several books. His poems were entitled The Amusements of a Mission, 1812.

Mason, John, an earnest and pious clergyman of the English Church, was the son of a Dissenting minister; lived in the seventeenth century; was graduated at Cambridge in 1664; and died at the rectory of Water-Stratford, Buckinghamshire, in 1694. His Spiritual Songs were published in 1683. He was the best English hymn writer preceding Watts, and many think they can detect his influence upon Watts and Wesley. Richard Baxter styled him "the glory of the Church of England," and said that "the frame of his spirit was so heavenly, his deportment so humble and obliging, his discourse of spiritual things so weighty, with such apt words and delightful air, that it charmed all that had any spiritual relish." This character well befits the author of a hymn so deeply devotional and truly spiritual as the one here given.

Massie, Richard, an Englishman, was born at Chester June 18, 1800, the son of Rev. R. Massie. He translated Martin Luther's Spiritual Songs, 1854. His Lyra Domestica, London, 1860, was translated from Spitta's Psaltery and Harp. In 1864 he published a second volume containing more of Spitta's hymns and other translations from the German. He died March 11, 1887. He belonged to the Church of England.

Matheson, George, an able and greatly honored minister of the Church of Scotland, was born March 27, 1842. He entered Glasgow University in 1857, when he was but fifteen years of age. He spent nine years at the university--five years in the arts and four years in the study of divinity. He was licensed to preach in 1866. Dr. Matheson, as is well known, was entirely blind during the greater portion of his life. He was probably born with defective sight--at least his mother discovered this fact when he was eighteen months old. In his early boyhood, by using strong glasses and a strong light, he managed to read; but his sight continued to fail, and when he entered the university, at the age of fifteen and one-half years, he was almost blind and had to depend upon the sight of others. He died August 28, 1906. He was never married. His life was full of literary activity. His contributions to the literature of theology are among the ablest and most widely read volumes that have appeared from the English press since 1874, when he published his first volume. Considering the limitations under which he had to do his work, his industry and productiveness were marvelous; and the strength and quality of his work were as notable as the number and frequency of his publications. Among his twenty-five published volumes one was titled Sacred Songs, 1890 (third edition, 1904). About a dozen of Dr. Matheson's songs have found a place in Church hymnals, but only one has gained universal popularity. This song of resignation, love, and trust is one that only a great sufferer could write.

Medley, Samuel, a Baptist minister, was born in Hertfordshire, England, June 23, 1738; was surrounded by pious influences in early life, but became a careless and wicked youth; joined the navy, and was severely wounded. Some one about this time chanced to read to him a sermon by Dr. Isaac Watts, which led to his conversion. After his recovery he entered the ministry. For the last twenty-seven years of his life he was the popular and influential pastor of a large Baptist Church in Liverpool. He died July 17, 1799. His hymns, two hundred and thirty in number, were collected and published the following year under the title of Medley's Hymns. "The charm of Medley's hymns consists less in their poetry than in the warmth and occasional pathos with which they give expression to Christian experience."

Messenger, John Alexander, is the name that appears in D'Aubigne's History of the Reformation as the translator of a stanza of one of Luther's hymns. The translation was made about 1840. We have no information concerning this writer, but it is hoped that some facts may be learned that may be inserted in a later edition of this volume.

Midlane, Albert, an active and earnest English layman, was born in Newport, Isle of Wight, January 23, 1825, and was engaged in business in that town for many years. He has written over eight hundred hymns since 1842, when he published his first hymn. His hymns have been found most useful in Sunday school, revival, and mission services. He attributes his interest in and contributions to hymnology to the suggestion and encouragement of a favorite Sunday school teacher, who did much to shape his religious life. He is known as "the poet-preacher of the Strict Brethren." He has published, in addition to several small volumes of prose, some half dozen volumes of poetry and sacred songs. Speaking of his habits of composition, he says:

Most of my hymns have been written during walks around the ancient and historic ruins of Carisbrooke Castle. The twilight hour, so dear to thought, and the hushed serenity then pervading nature have often allured my soul to deep and uninterrupted meditation, which, in its turn, has given birth to lines which, had not these walks been taken, would never probably have been penned.

Dr. Julian quotes from and approves Miller's estimate of Mr. Midlane's hymns:

They are full of spiritual thought, careful in their wording, and often very pleasing without reaching the highest form of poetical excellence. A marked feature of these hymns is the constant and happy use of Scripture phraseology.

A few years ago a popular subscription was taken up among the parents, teachers, and children of England to relieve Mr. Midlane's necessities. The most popular of all his hymns is the one found in this collection:

Miller, Emily Huntington, was born in Brooklyn, Conn., October 22, 1833, the daughter of Rev. Thomas Huntington, D.D., a Methodist minister; was educated at Oberlin College, A.B. 1857. In 1860 she was married to Mr. John E. Miller, who died in 1882. She has written much for various periodicals, both in prose and verse. From 1867 to 1875 she edited the children's magazine called the Little Corporal, which was later merged with St. Nicholas. From 1891 to 1898 she was dean of women in Northwestern University, from which institution she received in 1909 the honorary degree of Doctor of Literature (L.H.D.). She is the author of some fifteen or twenty volumes of prose and poetry, her books being written mostly for young people. Mrs. Miller is a Methodist. Her present address is St. Paul, Minn.

Mills, Henry, a Presbyterian preacher and professor of theology, was born at Morristown, N. J., March 12, 1786. He was educated at Princeton, graduating in 1802. After teaching a number of years, he was ordained pastor of a Presbyterian Church at Woodbridge, N. J., in 1816. When the Auburn Theological Seminary was opened in 1821, he was chosen Professor of Biblical Criticism and Oriental Languages, a position that he held until 1854. A volume of his translations of German hymns was published in 1845 under the title Horae Germanicae. He died June 10, 1867.

Milman, Henry Hart, an eminent dean of the Church of England and well known as a Church historian, was the son of Sir Francis Milman, a court physician of note, and was born in London February 10, 1791. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, where as a student he took well-nigh all the honors open to a student. His prize poem on "Apollo Belvidere," written in 1812, Dean Stanley pronounced "the most perfect of all Oxford prize poems." He entered the ministry in 1816; was Professor of Poetry at Oxford from 1821 to 1831; became Canon of Westminster in 1835, and Dean of St. Paul's in 1849. He died September 24, 1868. His career as a man of letters, theologian, and Churchman was brilliant. His poetic and theological writings are numerous. His History of the Jews (1829), History of Christianity (1840), Latin Christianity (1854), and other volumes are among the ablest and most valuable of nineteenth century contributions to English theological literature. Milman's thirteen hymns were first published in Bishop Heber's posthumous volume of Hymns, 1827, and later republished in his own Psalms and Hymns, 1837. They are all in use among modern Church hymnals.

Milton, John, one of the greatest of English poets, is known to hymnologists as the author of nineteen versions of various Psalms, which appeared in his Poems in English and Latin, second edition, 1673. Two or three of them have been extensively used. Milton was born in London December 9, 1608; and died in the same city November 8, 1674. He was educated at Cambridge. After graduating he traveled extensively for those days. He was a Puritan in religion and a Republican in politics; was in public service under Cromwell, and narrowly escaped death or banishment at the Restoration. In 1652 he became totally blind; but his poetic vision seemed to be only quickened thereby, and he wrote in Paradise Lost "things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme."

Mohr, Joseph, a Roman Catholic priest, was born at Salzburg, Austria, December 11, 1792. He was ordained in 1815, and served as assistant and vicar in several churches until his death in Wagerin December 4, 1848.

Monod, Theodore, pastor of the French Reformed Church in Paris, son of Rev. F. Monod, was born in Paris November 6, 1836. He was educated for the ministry partly in America, being a student for some years at Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa. In 1860 he entered upon his work in Paris, where his influence as an evangelical preacher has extended beyond the French Reformed Church, in which he has been a leading pastor during the past half century. Only a man with an evangelical religious experience could write a hymn like this:

Monsen, John Samuel Bewley, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Londonderry, Ireland, March 2, 1811, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, receiving the B.A. degree in 1832. Taking holy orders in 1834, he served in several offices of the Church of England. His death, April 9, 1875, was caused by his falling from the roof of his church, which was at the time in process of erection. He wrote a large number of hymns, some three hundred in all being published in the six different volumes which he issued between 1837 and 1873. About eighty of his hymns are said to be in common use in England. "While only a few of his hymns" says Dr. Julian, "are of enduring excellence, they are, as a whole, bright, joyous, and musical." The three here given are of a high order of excellence.

Montgomery, James, the poet, holds an enviable place among English hymnists. He was the son of a Moravian minister; was born at Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland, November 4, 1771; was religiously instructed at home, and while attending a Moravian school at Fulneck, England, made a public profession of religion by uniting with the Moravian Church. As he grew up, however, the pleasures of the world led him astray. The influence of early education preserved him from gross sins, but he was not at peace with God. After many years of doubt and dissatisfaction, he was led to look to the Saviour of his youth, and found rest. At his own request he was readmitted into the Moravian congregation at Fulneck when forty-three years of age. He expressed his feelings at the time in the following lines:

Montgomery was an editor by profession, and for publishing what were then called libelous articles was twice fined and imprisoned in the Castle of York--once in 1795 for three months, and once in the following year for six months. While imprisoned he wrote his first book of poems, entitled Prison Amusements. In addition to several poetical works, he published three volumes of hymns: Songs of Zion: Being Imitations of Psalms, 1822; The Christian Psalmist, 1825; Original Hymns for Public, Private, and Social Devotion, 1853. From 1833 till his death he received a royal pension of two hundred pounds a year. He died quietly in his sleep on April 30, 1854, at his home, in Sheffield. Nineteen of Montgomery's hymns appear in this book:

Moore, Thomas, the noted Irish poet, was born in Dublin May 28, 1779; began to write poetry at quite an early age; graduated at Trinity College, in his native city, in 1798, and the following year moved to London and began the study of law. From 1800 until his death, February 26, 1852, he published works in prose and poetry too numerous to hiention. His Sacred Songs was published in 1816. It contained thirty-two lyrics, twelve of which have found a place in various hymn books, and these more largely in America than in England. "Of all the song writers that ever warbled or chanted or sung," says Professor Wilson, "the best, in our estimation, is verily none other than Thomas Moore." He was a musician as well as a poet, and often sung his own songs to the delight of the social circles aniong the great and noble, where he was ever a welcome and favored visitor. His religious life was anything else but that of a Christian; but his songs are nevertheless among the sweetest, tenderest, and most admired in the hymn book.

Mote, Edward, an English Baptist minister, was born in London January 21, 1797. He went astray, he tells us, from his youth, but was happily converted in 1813 under the preaching of the Rev. J. Hyatt, one of Lady Huntingdon's preachers, and joined the Church of which Rev. Alexander Fletcher was pastor, but two years later united with the Baptist Church. He engaged in business as a cabinetmaker for some years, but employed part of his time writing for the press, and at length entered the ministry. From 1852 until his death, November 13, 1874, he was pastor of the Baptist Church at Horsham, Essex. Mr. Mote was the editor of Hymns of Praise, London, 1836, to which he contributed nearly one hundred of his own compositions.

Moultrie, Gerard, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born September 16, 1829, in the Rugby rectory, of which his father, Rev. John Moultrie (also a hymn writer of note), was incumbent. He was educated at Rugby and Oxford, whence he received both the B.A. (1851) and M.A. (1856) degrees. He filled various clerical offices in the Church of England. He died April 25, 1885. Among his published volumes are the following: Hymns and Lyrics for the Seasons and Saints' Days of the Church, 1867, and Cantica Sanctorum; or, Hymns for the Black Letter Saints' Days in the English and Scottish Calendars, 1880. His hymns include translations from the Latin, Greek, and German. About fifty of his hymns are found in different Church hymnals.

Muhlenberg, William Augustus, an eminent Episcopal minister, was born in Philadelphia September 16, 1796, being the son of Rev. Frederick Muhlenberg, D.D., who was at first a Lutheran clergyman, but entered Congress and became Speaker of the House of Representatives in the first Congress; and was the grandson of Rev. Henry M. Muhlenberg, D.D., who was the revered patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America. He was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1814, and was ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1820. Subsequently he established St. Paul's College at Flushing, Long Island. From 1846 to 1859 he was recter of the Church of the Holy Communion, in New York City. In 1855 he founded St. Luke's Hospital in New York City, and was its pastor and superintendent until his death. He also founded in 1865 St. Johnland, a home for the needy. Dr. Muhlenberg was one of the committee that edited Hymns Suited to the Feasts and Fasts of the Church, 1826. He died April 6, 1871.

Neale, John Mason, an eminent English clergyman and author, the son of Rev. Cornelius Neale, was born in London January 24, 1818; was graduated at Cambridge in 1840, and the following year entered the ministry; was appointed warden of Sackville College, Sussex, an institution for aged women, in 1846, which office he continued to fill until his death, in 1866. He was the author of numerous published volumes, many of them evincing his antiquarian and ritualistic tastes. Among his works are fifteen volumes of hymns and translations. He is perhaps the most successful of all modern translators of hymns from the Latin and Greek. In translating the hymns of the Greek Church especially Dr. Neale's work is not only more extensive than, but incomparably superior to, that of any other translator. Indeed, this field is one which he occupies almost alone. The two original hymns and seven translations by Dr. Neale in this volume are scarcely surpassed for poetic merit by any hymns in the entire collection.

Needham, John, was an English Baptist minister of the eighteenth century, the exact dates of whose birth and death are not known. In 1768 he published a hymn book with the following lengthy title: Hymns Devotional and Moral, on Various Subjects Collected Chiefly from the Holy Scriptures, and Suited to the Christian State and Worship. From this book compilers have selected a few good hymns.

Neumark, Georg, a German poet, was born in Thuringia March 16, 1621. After graduating at a gymnasium, he was for a time a family tutor. In 1643 he was matriculated at the university at Königsberg, where he remained five years. In 1652 he was appointed court poet at Weimar, where he wrote many secular poems. He was also a hymn writer and musician. Only a few of his thirty-four hymns survive, the one given here being considered his best. He died at Weimar July 18, 1681.

Newman, John Henry, a distinguished cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, was born in London February 21, 1801; was graduated at Oxford in 1820, and for several years was a tutor in the college. He was a leader of the High-Church party in the Church of England from the first, and had great influence among the young men at Oxford. He was ordained to the ministry in the Church of England in 1824, but in 1845 left that communion and united with the Roman Catholic. He was made a cardinal in 1879. He died in London August 11, 1890. He was the most prominent and influential English Roman Catholic of the nineteenth century. His collected works include many well-known volumes on doctrinal and ecclesiastical subjects. His translations of Latin hymns and his original hymns are found in Lyra Apostolica, 1836, and in Verses on Various Occasions, 1868. Only a few are in common use.

Newton, John, the child of many prayers, the profligate youth, the wicked sailor boy, the contrite penitent, the happy Christian, the consecrated minister, the eminent divine, the sweet singer, was born in London July 24, 1725. His mother, a devotedly pious woman, died when he was only seven years of age. His only "schooling" was from his eighth to his tenth year. He was engaged in the African slave trade for several years, and was even himself held as a slave at one time in Sierra Leone. He became an infidel, but was converted in a storm at sea while returning from Africa. He married a noble and pious woman in 1750. He became a minister in the Established Church in 1758, but was not ordained until 1764, when be obtained the curacy of Olney, near Cambridge. He remained here for nearly sixteen years, being intimately associated with the poet Cowper, who was joint author with him of the Olney Hymns, 1779. Soon after the appearance of this volume he moved to London, where he did faithful and successful work for many years as rector of St. Mary Woolnoth. He attained an honored old age, dying December 21, 1807. Newton wrote his own epitaph, which he requested might be put upon a plain marble tablet near the vestry door of his church in London:

JOHN NEWTON, Clerk,
Once an Infidel and Libertine,
A servant of slaves in Africa,
Was, by the rich mercy of our Lord and Saviour
JESUS CHRIST,
Preserved, restored, and pardoned,
And appointed to preach the Faith
He had long labored to destroy,
Near 16 years at Olney in Bucks
And . . . years in this church
On Feb. 1, 1750, he married
MARY
Daughter of the late George Catlett
Of Catham, Kent.
He resigned her to the Lord who gave her
On 15th of December, 1790.

The following thirteen hymns are among the best in our Hymnal:

Noel, Gerard Thomas, a clergyman in the Church of England, was born December 2, 1782. He was educated at Edinburgh and Cambridge, He was successively curate of Radwell, vicar of Romsey, and canon of Winchester Cathedral. He died at Romsey February 24, 1851. He was a brother of the noted divine, Rev. Baptist W. Noel. He published two volumes of sernions and compiled a hymn book, A Selection of Psalms and Hymns, 1810. Only two or three of his hymns are in common use.

North, Frank Mason, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in New York, December 3, 1850. He was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1872, and entered the ministry the same year. After filling important stations in the Methodist Episcopal Church for twenty years, he became in 1892 Corresponding Secretary of the New York City Church Extension and Missionary Society, since which date he has also been editor of the Christian City, published in New York City. Dr. North's home mission hymn found here (No. 423) is one of the best in the entire Hymnal.

Olivers, Thomas, one of Mr. Wesley's itinerant ministers, was born in Tregoman, Wales, in 1725. Early in life he was left an orphan. Distant relatives brought him up in an indifferent manner. He was sent to school for a time, and his religious education was not altogether neglected. As he grew older he became very profane, and at length ran away from his master, a shoemaker, to whom he was apprenticed. The drinking vagabond--for such he was--in his wicked career arrived at Bristol, where Whitefield had an appointment to preach. He went to hear him, and was converted. "When the sermon began," he says, "I was one of the most abandoned and profligate young men living; before it was ended I was a new creature." From that time onward he lived a new life, joined the Methodists, and in 1753 became one of Wesley's itinerant preachers. Clear, strong, and sometimes fiery, he was the man for the times, and for forty-six years made full proof of his ministry. Most of his prose writings relate to the Calvinistic controversies of that day. Wesley said he was fully a "match" for Toplady. For some years he aided Wesley in editing the Arminian Magazine. He wrote only four or five hymns, but they are all of high order. He died March 7, 1799.

Park, Roswell, an Episcopal clergyman and educator, was born at Lebanon, Conn., October 1, 1807. He received a military education, graduating at West Point in 1831, and served several years in the United States Engineer Corps. In 1842 he began to study theology, and soon after entered the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1852 he became President of Racine College (Wisconsin). In 1863 he founded a school in Chicago, where he died, July 16, 1869. He was the author of a volume entitled Selections of Juvenile and Miscellaneous Poems. Written or Translated. Philadelphia, 1836.

Perronet, Edward, an Independent English clergyman, was born in 1726. He was the son of Rev. Vincent Perronet, vicar of Shoreham, who was a friend and supporter of the Wesleys, and lived to be ninety-one years old; and John Wesley makes frequent and affectionate allusions in his Journal to his visits to the white-haired patriarch and saint. Edward Perronet was educated in the Church of England, but became a Wesleyan preacher when quite a young man, and continued such until 1756, when the question arose among the Methodists concerning separation from the Church of England, which the Wesleys strenuously opposed and Perronet as strongly favored and urged. He went so far as to administer the Lord's Supper to the "societies," and wrote a scathing satire on the Church of England titled The Miter, a Satyricall Poem. The Wesleys were much irritated by this production, and succeeded in suppressing and destroying all but about thirty copies. Perronet then joined the Lady Huntingdon Connection, and later became a Dissenter. His home was at Canterbury for several years previous to his death, which occurred January 2, 1792. He was too independent in spirit to call any man master, but he was always loyal and true to Christ.

Phelps, Sylvanus Dryden, a Baptist minister, was born in Suffield, Conn., May 15, 1816; a graduate of Brown University, class of 1844. In 1846 he became pastor of the First Baptist Church at New Haven, Conn. He died November 23, 1895. Three volumes of poetry came from his pen. Five of Dr. Phelps's hymns are found in Church hymnals.

Pierpont, John, a Unitarian preacher, was born in Litchfield, Conn., April 6, 1785; graduated at Yale College in 1804. After spending some years as a teacher, lawyer, and merchant, he became a minister when about thirty-three years old, and in 1819 was installed as pastor of the Hollis Street Unitarian Church, in Boston, where he remained twenty-one years. His strong antislavery and temperance utterances brought him under fire. From 1845 to 1849 he was pastor of the Unitarian Church at Troy, N. Y., and from 1849 to 1859, of the Unitarian Church at Medford, Mass. He was for a while a chaplain in the army during the Civil War, but was later in the government employ at Washington. He died August 27, 1866. His Poems and Hymns was published in 1840; second edition, 1854. About twenty of his hymns are found in Church hymnals.

Plumptree, Edward Hayes, an eminent English clergyman, author, and professor of theology, was born in London August 6, 1821. He was educated at King's College, London, and at University College, Oxford, graduating in 1844. He entered the ministry in 1846, and speedily rose to a position of influence in the Church. He was a noted scholar, the author of numerous works in both prose and poetry. He was a member of the Commission on the revision of the Old Testament. His hymns are few in number but elegant in style, fervent in spirit, and popular with hymnists. Dr. Plumptree became Dean of Wells in 1881. He died February 1, 1891.

Pott, Francis, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born December 29, 1832. He was a graduate of Brasenose College, Oxford (A.B. 1854, A.M. 1857). He wrote a number of original hymns, and is the translator of hymns from the Latin and Syriac. He edited Hymns Fitted to the Order of Common Prayer, 1861. His hymns and translations are widely used and enjoy great popularity in England. Dr. Pott is still living.

Potter, Thomas Joseph, an English Roman Catholic priest and professor, was born at Scarborough, England, in 1827. He became a Roman Catholic in 1847, and later took orders in that Church. He was for a number of years the Professor of Pulpit Eloquence and English Literature in a college at Dublin, where he died in 1873. He was the author of several books in prose, contributed poems to Holy Family Hymns, 1860, and published Legends, Lyrics, and Hymns, 1862. His most popular hymn is the one given in this book:

Prentiss, Elizabeth Payson, the author of Stepping Heavenward, was the daughter of that saintly man, Rev. Edward Payson, of Portland, Me., where she was born October 26, 1818. She became a contributor of both prose and poetry to the Youth's Companion as early as her sixteenth year. She was a devotedly pious woman. She taught school in Portland, in Ipswich, Mass., and in Richmond, Va. She was married in 1845 to Rev. George L. Prentiss, D.D., an eminent Presbyterian divine and professor in Union Theological Seminary, of New York City. She was never in robust health, but did much literary work, publishing several volumes. Her Stepping Heavenward (1869) is one of the most popular books ever published in the English language. Her Religious Poems appeared in 1873, and her Golden Hours; or, Hymns and Songs of the Christian Life, in 1874. She died August 13, 1878. Soon after her death her husband published her Life and Letters.

Procter, Adelaide Anne, the daughter of Bryan Walla Procter, better known as "Barry Cornwall," was born in London October 30, 1825; and died there February 2, 1864. Her hymns are sweet and pathetic. They are found in her Legends and Lyrics, 1858 (enlarged edition, 1862). In 1851 she became a devout member of the Roman Catholic Church. Possessed of more than ordinary intellectual powers, she was especially skilled in music and languages. Three of her hymns are given in this collection:

Rabanus Maurus, Bishop of Mayence, was born at Mayence about 776, and died there in 856. He was educated at the cloister school at Fulda, to the headship of which he was soon afterwards appointed. He was made a bishop in 847. He is the author of several works, among them two volumes of hymns. It is by no means certain that he is the author of the famous Latin hymn, "Veni, Creator, Spiritus," here attributed to him.

Rankin, Jeremiah Eames, a Congregational minister and educator, the son of Rev. Andrew Rankin, was born at Thornton, N. H., January 2, 1828; was graduated from Middlebury College, Vt., in 1848; a pastor of Congregational Churches successively in Potsdam, N. Y., St. Albans, Vt., Lowell and Boston, Mass., Washington and Orange, N. J. From 1889 to 1903 he was President of Howard University, Washington City. He was the author of about a dozen volumes of prose and poetry. In 1878 he edited and issued the Gospel Temperance Hymnal. He died June 15, 1904. Of all modern "goodby" hymns used in religious services, this one by Dr. Rankin is the most popular:

Rawson, George, an English Congregational layman, was born June 5, 1807, in Leeds, where he practiced many years as a solicitor. He contributed to various books. His knowledge of music and his gifts as a hymn writer led the Congregational ministers of Leeds to call on him for assistance in compiling the Leeds Hymn Book, 1853. In 1858 he assisted Dr. Green and other Baptist ministers in the preparation of Psalms and Hymns for the Use of the Baptist Denomination. His Hymns, Verses, and Chants, published in London in 1876, contained eighty original pieces. His Songs of Spiritual Thought appeared in 1885. He died March 25, 1889.

Reed, Andrew, an English Independent minister, was born in London November 27, 1787; was graduated from Hackney College, and soon afterwards became pastor of a Church in East London, where he remained for fifty years, devoting much of his time to philanthropic work. In 1834, on a visit to America, he received from Yale College the degree of D.D. He published a Supplement to Watts in 1817, a revised and enlarged edition of which appeared in 1841, containing twenty-seven hymns by himself and nineteen by his wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Holmes Reed. He died at Hackney, London, February 25, 1862. Dr. Reed is best known in England as the founder of the London Orphan Asylum, the Asylum for Fatherless Children, The Asylum for Idiots, the Infant Orphan Asylum, and the Hospital for Incurables. If the value of every song is to be determined by the intrinsic merits of the hymn, plus the life and character of the man who wrote it, it must follow that the hymns of the man who founded and worked for all these philanthropic and beneficent institutions are among the most valuable hymns in the entire collection. Mrs. Reed's hymn beginning "O do not let the word depart" is quite as popular and useful as anything her husband wrote.

Rice, Caroline Laura, was the wife of the Rev. William Rice, D.D., a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church. After Dr. Rice retired from the active ministry he resided at Springfield, Mass. Mrs. Rice was born in 1819, and died August 29, 1899.

Richter, Christian Frederic, was born at Sorau, in Silesia, October 5, 1676; was graduated from the University of Halle, and became identified with the celebrated orphanage there. He was a student of medicine, as well as of theology. A Christian physician and scientist, he took his religion into everything that he did. "He made many chemical experiments, for which he prepared himself by special prayer, and invented many compounds which came into extensive use under the name of the 'Halle medicines.'" Among the holy men and gifted writers of hymns and other forms of devotional literature who made famous the earlier school of German Pietists at Halle Richter was one of the most noted. Many of the thirty-three hymns that he wrote are not only deeply spiritual, but are possessed of genuine poetic merit. Richter died October 5, 1711.

Rinkart, Martin, a German minister, musician, and poet, was born at Eilenburg, Saxony, April 23, 1586. He was educated at the Latin school of Eilenburg and at the University of Leipzig, which he entered in 1602. He was the beloved pastor of a Church in his native town for many years, and died there December 8, 1649. "The greater part of Rinkart's professional life was passed amid the horrors of the Thirty Years' War. Eilenburg, being a small walled town, became a refuge for fugitives from all around, and, being so overcrowded, not unnaturally suffered from pestilence and famine." His duties as a clergyman at that time were very arduous. His memory is cherished in his native land, and his most famous hymn, "Nun Danket," is widely used.

Robert IX., King of France (972-1031), is the reputed author of the hymn, to which his name is here attached, but his claim to the authorship of it is very slender. There are at least four men for whom the authorship of the famous Latin hymn, "Veni Sancte Spiritus," is claimed, and no conclusive evidence exists that any one of them wrote it. The other three alleged authors are: Hermannus Contractus, 1013-1054; Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, consecrated in 1207; and Pope Innocent III. This hymn, therefore, will be most properly designated as of unknown authorship. One of the best of the many excellent translations of it is that here given by Dr. Ray Palmer.

Roberts, Daniel C., a minister in the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Bridge Hampton, Long Island, November 5, 1841. He graduated at Gambier College in 1857, and was ordained in 1866. In 1905 he became rector at Concord, N. H., where he now resides. The patriotic hymn by Dr. Roberts, found in this volume, is likely to find a place in many American hymnals.

Robinson, George, is an English hymn writer of whom little is known. In 1842 the Rev. J. Leifchild published in London a volume of Original Hymns by various authors. In a list of contributors "G. Robinson" is credited with the authorship of five hymns, among them the hymn accredited to him in this book. Nothing more seems to be known of this author. It is to be hoped that other information may be obtained that may appear in later editions of this volume. Suffice it in the meantime that we know two most important facts about him, gathered from this short hymn--viz., that his views of the atonement are evangelical and sound, and his Christian catholicity quite in accord with the growing spirit of fraternity and brotherhood that characterizes the best type of modern Christianity.

Robinson, Richard Hayes, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born in London in 1842; educated at King's College, London; became curate of St. Paul's, Penge, in 1866; later was in charge of Octagon Chapel, Bath, and St. Germans, Blackheath; died November 5, 1892.

Robinson, Robert, the author of "Come, thou Fount of every blessing," an English Baptist minister, was born in Swaffham, Norfolk, England, September 27, 1735. He received a good grammar school education. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a London hairdresser, but the Lord was preparing him for a higher calling. He was converted among the Methodists in his twentieth year, and became a lay preacher among them, but soon left them and became an Independent. In less than a year, however, he became pastor of the Baptist Church at Cambridge, where he remained as an "open communion" Baptist until the year of his death. He died June 9, 1790, being succeeded in the pastorate of the Church by Rev. Robert Hall. He was a very popular preacher and author of several able works, among them A Plea for the Divinity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, 1776, a volume which "dignitaries and divines of the Church of England united with Nonconformists in lauding as an exceptionally able, scholarly, and pungently written book," His History of Baptism and the Baptists appeared in 1790. A few months before he died he retired to Birmingham, where he seems to have had friendly fellowship with Dr. Priestley, the noted Unitarian divine. This led some Unitarians to infer and to declare that before his death he came into sympathy with their views. But this inference is unwarranted.

Roscoe, William, an English lawyer, banker, author, a member of the Unitarian Church, was born in Liverpool March 8, 1753; and died June 30, 1831. He was educated as a lawyer, and practiced until 1796, when he gave up the profession of law for that of literature. His Life of Lorenzo de Medici was published in 1796, and the Life and Pontificate of Leo the Tenth in 1805. He was one of the compilers of a hymn book titled A Selection of Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Worship, 1818. To this book he contributed nine hymns. Three of Mr. Roscoe's children were hymn writers. A son (William Stanley) and two daughters (Mary Ann and Jane) have written valuable hymns.

Rothe, Johann Andreas, a German clergyman, the son of Rev. Aegidius Rothe, was born at Lissa May 12, 1688; educated at the University of Leipzig, taking the degree of M.A. in 1712. Soon after this he was licensed to preach. In 1722 Count Zinzendorf gave him the pastorate at Berthelsdorf, where he remained many years. Herrnhut was a part of his parish. In 1737 he resigned this pastorate and became a Lutheran minister. He died July 6, 1758.

Scheffler, Johann Angelus, an eminent mystic of the seventeenth century, better known as "Angelus Silesius," was the son of Stanislaus Scheffler, a Polish nobleman, who was compelled to leave his fatherland because of his adherence to Lutheranism. He was born in 1624 at Breslau, Silesia. He was early enamored of the writings of the mystics, and became a disciple of Jacob Boehme. He entered the medical profession, and in 1649 received the appointment of private physician to the Duke of Wurtemberg-Oels. The Lutheran clergy regarded Scheffler as a heretic, and, finding no sympathy in them, he went to the Roman Catholic Church. He now became private physician to the Emperor Ferdinand III., but soon abandoned his profession and entered the priesthood, returning to Breslau, where he died July 9, 1677. Most of his hymns were written before he became a Roman Catholic. Of twenty-five hymns by him in common use, we have here only one, a translation by John Wesley.

Schmolke, Benjamin, a Lutheran pastor, hymn writer, and poet, was born December 21, 1672. He was educated at the Gymnasium of Lauban and the University of Leipzig. He was married in 1702, and the same year became one of the pastors of the Lutheran Church at Schweidnitz, where he remained until the time of his death. "Schmolke was well known in his own district as a popular and useful preacher, a diligent pastor, and a man of wonderful tact and discretion." He was also a great poet. His original hymns greatly widened his influence and increased his popularity. His poetic writings were numerous and manifested a deep, genuine, and warm-hearted piety, and have been used extensively in Germany. He died February 12, 1737.

Scott, Thomas, an English Presbyterian clergyman, son of Rev. Thomas Scott, an Independent minister, and brother of Elizabeth Scott, also well known as a hymn writer, was born at Norwich in 1705, and succeeded Mr. Baxter as pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Ipswich in 1737. He died in 1775. He was the author of a translation in verse of the book of Job (1771) and of a volume of Lyric Poems (1773). "Doctrinally," says Julian, "Scott may be described as an evangelical Arian."

Scott, Sir Walter, the "Wizard of the North," was born in Edinburgh August 15, 1771, and educated in the high school and university of his native city. The leading events of his career as a poet and novelist are so well known that they do not need to be repeated here. Two of his hymns appear in this Hymnal, and are every way worthy of the genius of the author. Scott died at Abbotsford September 21, 1832.

Scriven, Joseph, the author of "What a Friend we have in Jesus," was born at Dublin, Ireland, in 1820; was graduated from Trinity College, Dublin; moved to Canada in 1845, where he led a humble but useful life till his death at Port Hope, October 10, 1886. Mr. Ira D. Sankey, in his Story of the Gospel Hymns, says that the young lady to whom he was to be married was accidentally drowned on the eve of their wedding day, which sad event led him to consecrate his life and property to the service of Christ. It is said that no service was too lowly for him to render if it could be done without compensation and without observation for one of the least of Christ's disciples. His hymn is one of the most popular of all modern hymns.

Seagrave, Robert, the son of Rev. Robert Seagrave, was an English clergyman who was born November 22, 1693. He was educated at Cambridge, taking the degree of M.A. in 1718. He fraternized with and defended the Calvinistic Methodists, and wrote and published pamphlets and sermons designed to reform the clergy and Church of England. While preaching at Lorimer's Hall, London, he published a hymn book for the use of his congregation: Hymns for Christian Worship, 1742 (fourth edition, 1748). To this book he contributed fifty original hymns, one of which is found here. The year of his death is not known; it was probably about 1756.

Sears, Edward Hamilton, a Unitarian clergyman, author, editor, and poet, was born in Berkshire, Mass., April 6, 1810. He served as pastor of Unitarian Churches in Massachusetts for nearly forty years, and in the meantime was active and useful as an author. He was a graduate of Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., class of 1834, and also of the Theological School at Cambridge, Mass., 1837. Among his poetic writings are two fine Christmas songs, one of which appears in this book. Dr. Sears died January 14, 1876. "Although a member of the Unitarian body," says Prof. F. M. Bird in Julian's Dictionary, "his views were rather Swedenborgian than Unitarian. He held always to the absolute divinity of Christ."

Seymour, Aaron Crossley Hobart, the son of an English clergyman, was born in County Limerick December 19, 1789. His parents were intellectual people, and he enjoyed the advantages of a thorough education. While yet a youth he heard a plain gospel sermon at one of Lady Huntingdon's chapels, and became an earnest Christian. He was the author of several valuable books, among them The Life and Times of the Countess of Huntingdon, in two volumes (octavo), 1839. This is the standard life of Lady Huntingdon, a very valuable work. He died in October, 1870.

Shepherd, Thomas, an English Congregational clergyman, son of Rev. William Shepherd (who was first a minister in the Established Church, but later became an Independent), was born in 1665. After his graduation at the university he took orders in the Established Church, but in 1694 he became a Congregationalist. From 1694 to 1700 he was pastor of the Independent Church in Nottingham, of which Dr. Philip Doddridge was later the more famous pastor. From 1700 till his death, January 29, 1739, he was pastor of a Church in Braintree, Essex.

Shurtleff, Ernest Warburton, a Congregational minister, was born in Boston April 4, 1862; educated at Boston Latin School, Harvard University, and Andover Theological Seminary, where he graduated in 1887; entered the ministry in 1889. He was a pastor in Buenaventura, Cal., 1889-90; Plymouth, Mass., 1891-98; Minneapolis, Minn., 1898-1905. In 1895-96 he organized the American Church at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany; and since 1906 he has had charge of the Students' Atelier Reunions, Academy Vitti, Paris, France.

Slade, Mary B. C., was the wife of a clergyman of Fall River, Mass. She was born in 1826, and died in 1882. She was a teacher and at one time assistant editor of the New England Journal of Education, which position she resigned to start Wide Awake, a well-known publication, which she continued to edit until her death. She was a warm-hearted Christian woman. Most of her hymns were written for Prof. R. M. McIntosh.

Singleton, Robert Corbet, a clergyman of the Established Church of England, was born October 9, 1810; educated at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A. 1830, M.A. 1833). He was for several years warden of St. Columba College, near Dublin, and was first warden of St. Peter's College, Radley, from 1847 to 1851, when he removed to Monkstown, near Dublin, and then to York, in which city he died in 1881. In 1868 he and Dr. E. G. Monk published The Anglican Hymn Book, to which volume he contributed twenty-eight original hymns and a number of translations from the Latin and a few from the German.

Smith, Samuel Francis, an eminent Baptist minister and widely known as the author of "My country, 'tis of thee," was born in Boston October 21, 1808; attended the Boston Latin School and entered Harvard College in 1825. After leaving Harvard in 1829 he entered Andover Theological Seminary, and was graduated in 1832. His first pastorate was at Waterville, Me., where he remained eight years (1834-42), serving also as Professor of Modern Languages at Waterville College. In 1842 he became the pastor of the First Baptist Church at Newton, Mass. He resigned this charge in 1854 and became the editor of the publications of the Baptist Missionary Union, but continued to reside in Newton. He and Baron Stow prepared the Baptist collection of hymns titled The Psalmist (1843), which Julian's Dictionary (1908) pronounces "the most creditable and influential of the American Baptist collections to the present day." He published Lyric Gems in 1854 and Rock of Ages in 1870. Prof. F. M. Bird names thirty-two of his original hymns that are in common use in America. Dr. Smith's long and useful life came to a close in Newton, Mass., November 16, 1895.

Spangenberg, Augustus Gottlieb, a Moravian bishop, son of Rev. George Spangenberg, a Lutheran pastor, was born at Klettenberg, near Nordhausen, Germany, July 15, 1704; graduated at the University of Jena; joined Count Zinzendorf in his work, beginning his ministry at Herrnhut in 1735; visited the Churches of the Brethren in England and America; was ordained bishop at Herrnhut in 1744; died September 18, 1792. He wrote a life of Zinzendorf in eight volumes. He was one of the ablest, most useful, influential, and honored of the Moravian bishops.

Spitta, Carl Johann Philipp, a German theologian and poet, was born at Hanover August 1, 1801. His early years were without special promise, and he was apprenticed to a watchmaker. While learning this trade he began the study of languages, and in 1821 entered the University of Gottingen to study theology. After graduating he was engaged as tutor in a private family for some time; but from 1828 till his death he was a popular and successful pastor of several Lutheran Churches. He died September 28, 1859. His reputation rests principally upon his hymns, which are deeply spiritual and very popular in his native land. His Psalter and Harfe, Leipzig (first edition, 1833), was translated by Richard Massie in 1860.

Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, Dean of Westminster, one of the most distinguished English Churchmen of the nineteenth century, was the son of Rev. Edward Stanley, Bishop of Norwich, and was born at Alderly, in Cheshire, December 13, 1815. At the age of fourteen he became a pupil of Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, in whose famous school he displayed a strength of moral character which was a prophecy of the frank and courageous man that was to be. He took well-nigh all the honors at Oxford, where he graduated in 1837. Entering the ministry of the Church of England, he filled successively various positions of honor and responsibility until in 1855 he was appointed Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford. In 1864 he became Dean of Westminster. His marriage that same year to Lady Augusta Bruce, a personal friend and attendant of Queen Victoria, increased the freedom and intimacy of his already cordial relations with the royal family. He died July 18, 1881. He was a Churchman of broad and liberal views. His catholicity of spirit was one of his most notable characteristics. His contributions to theological literature are numerous and well known. His Life of Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, 1844, is one of the most successful volumes of biography in the English language. Among his historical writings his lectures on the Eastern Church, 1861, Jewish Church (two volumes), 1863-65, and the Church of Scotland, 1868, are accounted as of highest value. He is the author of about a dozen hymns, and of several translations. These, although of a high order of excellence, do not take rank with his prose writings, which for choice English diction, scholarly erudition, and Christian catholicity are not surpassed, perhaps, by anything in the religious literature of England in the nineteenth century.

Stennett, Joseph, an English Baptist minister, the son of Rev. Edward Stennett, was born at Abingdon, Berkshire, in 1663; received a good education, and spent five years teaching in London; entered the ministry, and in 1690 became pastor of a Seventh-Day Baptist Church in Devonshire Square, London, and continued to labor here until his death, July 4, 1713. He is the author of eight or ten hymns found in modern Church hymnals. He is the earliest English Baptist hymn writer whose hymns are still in common use.

Stennett, Samuel, an English Baptist minister, was born at Exeter in 1727, and was a man of ability and scholarship. In 1758 he succeeded his father as pastor of the Wild Street Church, in London, where he remained for thirty-seven years. The noted philanthropist and social reformer, John Howard, was a member of his congregation and an intimate friend and adviser. He died August 24, 1795. Dr. Stennett was the author of some prose writings and of thirty-eight hymns, which may be found at the end of volume three of his Works, London, 1824.

Stockton, John Hart, a Methodist minister, was born in 1813, and died in 1877. He was a member of the New Jersey Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the successive pastoral charges that he filled as a member of that Conference are found in the Conference Journal. He was not only a preacher, but a musician and composer of tunes, as well as hymn writer. He published two gospel song books: Salvation Melodies, 1874, and Precious Songs, 1875.

Stone, Samuel John, a clergyman of the Church of England, the son of Rev. William Stone, was born at Whitmore, Staffordshire, April 25, 1839. He was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, where he was graduated B.A. in 1862. Later he took orders and served various Churches. He succeeded his father at St. Paul's, Haggerstown, in 1874. He was the author of many original hymns and translations, which were collected and published in 1886. His hymns are hopeful in spirit and skillfully constructed. He published several poetic volumes. He died November 19, 1900.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, the daughter of Rev. Lyman Beecher and sister of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, was born at Litchfield, Conn., June 14, 1812. Her father became President of Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1832; and in 1833 she was married to Rev. Calvin E. Stowe, a professor in the seminary. Mrs. Stowe's volume titled Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was first published in 1852 as a serial in the National Era and later in book form, is one of the most widely known and historic volumes in the entire range of American literature. It is a work of fiction which, by means of the pathetic picture which it draws of the ills of slave life and the cruelties, either actual or possible, involved in slave ownership, did much to precipitate the American Civil War (1861-65). Mrs. Stowe published more than forty volumes in all, many of them being works of fiction. Her Religious Poems appeared in 1867. Three of her hymns, including the one here given, were first published in the Plymouth Collection (1855), a volume of hymns edited by her brother, Henry Ward Beecher. She died July 1, 1896, at Hartford, in which city she had lived since 1864.

Stratton, Lovie Ricker, was the wife of the Rev. Frank K. Stratton, D.D., a member of the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. She was born in Somersworth, N. H., October 31, 1841. She was a graduate of the high school of her native town and a teacher in the public schools of Dover, N. H., for eleven years. She was married to Dr. Stratton June 19, 1872, while he was pastor of the Dorchester Street Methodist Episcopal Church, South Boston. She died at Melrose, Mass., September 6, 1910, where her husband, a diligent and successful pastor, still resides. Mrs. Stratton's poems were published from time to time in Zion's Herald, the Christian Witness, and other periodicals.

Strong, Nathan, a Congregational minister of great influence in his day, was born at Coventry, Conn., October 16, 1748. He graduated at Yale College in 1769. In 1773 he was ordained pastor of the First Congregational Church, Hartford, and remained there until his death, December 25, 1816. He received the degree of D.D. from Princeton University. Dr. Strong was the editor of the Hartford Selection, 1799, a book that had considerable influence upon American hymnody.

Stryker, Melancthon Woolsey, a Presbyterian minister, son of Rev. Isaac P. Stryker, was born at Vernon, N. Y., January 7, 1851; educated at Hamilton College (1872) and Auburn Theological Seminary (1876); entered ministry in 1876, and has been pastor of Presbyterian Churches in Auburn, N. Y., Ithaca, N. Y., Holyoke, Mass., and Chicago, Ill. Dr. Stryker has been President of Hamilton College since 1892. He is a student of hymnology, and has published several volumes of hymns, among them The Church Praise Book, 1882; Hymns and Verses, 1883; Christian Chorals, 1885; the Song of Miriam and Other Hymns and Verses, 1888; Church Song, 1889. He lives at Clinton, N, Y.

Swain, Joseph, a successful English Baptist minister, was born at Birmingham in 1761. By trade he was an engraver. After his conversion he held meetings, and in 1792 was ordained pastor of a Church in Walworth, where he remained till his early and lamented death, April 14, 1796. He was the author of Walworth Hymns, London, 1792.

Tappan, William Brigham, an influential leader in Sunday school work in the Congregational Church, was born at Beverly, Mass., October 29, 1794. In early manhood he taught school in Philadelphia. From 1826 until his death he was in the employ of the American Sunday School Union as manager and superintendent at Philadelphia (1826-29), at Cincinnati (1829-34), at Philadelphia (1834-38), and at Boston (1838-49). In 1841 he obtained license to preach as a Congregational minister; but not having any pastoral charge, he was never ordained. From 1819 to 1849 he continued to write and publish poetry, amounting in all to eight or ten volumes. He died at West Needham, Mass., June 18, 1849.

Tate, Nahum, the English poet, was the son of an Irish clergyman, and was born at Dublin in 1652. After his graduation at the University of Dublin he settled in London and entered upon a literary career. He soon won reputation as a poet, publishing successive volumes from time to time. In 1692 he became Poet Laureate. In 1696 he published, in connection with Rev. Nicholas Brady (1659-1726), Chaplain in Ordinary, a New Version of the Psalms of David Fitted to the Tunes Used in the Church. This version supplanted, by royal and episcopal authority, the "old version" by Sternhold, Hopkins, and others, and is to this day the authorized version of the Church of England found in the Prayer Book. It is not known which of the Psalms were translated by Brady and which by Tate; but as Tate was Poet Laureate, he is supposed to have done the greater part of the work. In addition to this joint work, he published several volumes of poetry. He died August 12, 1715.

Taylor, Thomas Rawson, an English Congregational minister, was born at Ossett, near Wakefield, May 9, 1807. In September, 1826, he entered the Airedale Independent College to prepare for the Congregational ministry, and graduated therefrom in 1830. Soon after he became pastor of an Independent Church in Sheffield, but in less time than a year he was obliged to give up the work on account of ill health. Subsequently he accepted a position as tutor in his Alma Mater; but his career was again interrupted, and he died of consumption March 7, 1835, being only twenty-eight years of age. His best-known hymn is that beginning: "I'm but a stranger here; heaven is my home."

Tennyson, Alfred, the English poet, was the son of a clergyman. He was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire, August 6, 1809. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His first volume of poetry appeared while he was an undergraduate. Upon the death of Wordsworth, in 1850, he was appointed Poet Laureate. Many regard him as the greatest Poet Laureate England has ever had. He was raised to the peerage in 1884, with the title, Baron Tennyson d'Eyncourt. He died October 6, 1892, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Lord Tennyson was not a hymn writer, yet three of his poems are so used in this book. Biographies of this great poet are so numerous and so accessible to all, and the important facts of his life and of his contributions to modern English literature are so well known as to render it unnecessary to write of him at length here.

Tersteegen, Gerhard, a pious and useful mystic of the eighteenth century, was born at Mörs, Germany, November 25, 1697. He was carefully educated in his childhood, and then apprenticed (1715) to his older brother, a shopkeeper. He was religiously inclined from his youth, and upon coming of age he secured a humble cottage near Mühlheim, where he led a life of seclusion and self-denial for many years. At about thirty years of age he began to exhort and preach in private and public gatherings. His influence became very great, such was his reputation for piety and his success in talking, preaching, and writing concerning spiritual religion. He wrote one hundred and eleven hymns, most of which appeared in his Spiritual Flower Garden (1731). He died April 3, 1769.

Theodulph is said to have been a native of Italy. The exact date of his birth is not known. He came to France in the time of Charlemagne, about 781, and was made Bishop of Orleans in 785. He was imprisoned by Louis I. at Angers in 818. There are differing traditions concerning him after this period.

Thomas of Celano is so called from Celano, a town on the borders of Lake Fucino, Italy. He was born the latter part of the twelfth century. He joined the order of Friars founded by St. Francis of Assisi soon after its organization in 1208. He had charge successively of the Franciscan convents of Worms, Metz, and Cologne. At the death of St. Francis, in 1226, he returned to Assisi, and by appointment of Pope Gregory IX. wrote the life of St. Francis. The year of his death is not known. His Dies Irae, the greatest of all the Latin hymns, has been attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux, Gregory the Great, and others. The preponderance of evidence, however, seems to be in favor of the authorship of Thomas of Celano. His celebrated hymn has had various renderings into English, among the best of which are the following:

Thomson, Mary Ann, wife of Mr. John Thomson, Librarian of the Free Library, Philadelphia, was born in London, England, December 5, 1834. She has written about forty hymns, which have appeared mostly in the Churchman, New York, and in the Living Church, Chicago. Four of her hymns are found in the Protestant Episcopal Hymnal, 1892. Of the origin of the missionary hymn by Mrs. Thomson which is found in our Hymnal she writes as follows:

I wrote the greater part of the hymn, "O Zion, haste," in the year 1868. I had written many hymns before, and one night, while I was sitting up with one of my children who was ill of typhoid fever, I thought I should like to write a missionary hymn to the tune of the hymn beginning "Hark, hark, my soul, angelic songs are swelling," as I was fond of that tune; but as I could not then get a refrain I liked, I left the hymn unfinished, and about three years later I finished it by writing the refrain which now forms part of it. By some mistake 1891 is given instead of 1871 as the date of the hymn in the (Episcopal) Hymnal. I do not think it is ever sung to the tune for which I wrote it. Rev. John Anketell told me, and I am sure he is right, that it is better for a hymn to have a tune of its own, and I feel much indebted to the composer of the tune "Tidings" for writing so inspiring a tune to my words.

Thring, Godfrey, an English clergyman, Prebendary of Wells Cathedral, son of Rev. J. G. D. Thring, was born at Alford March 25, 1823; graduated at Oxford, 1845; served different charges as curate and rector, 1846-67; Rural Dean, 1867-76; Prebendary of Wells Cathedral from 1876 till his death, September 13, 1903. He has written many hymns, about twenty-five of which are found in different Church hymnals in England and America. He published Hymns Congregational and Others, 1866; Hymns and Verses, 1866; Hymns and Sacred Lyrics, 1874; Church of England Hymn Book, 1880 (second edition, 1882). "His hymns," says Dr. Julian, "are mainly objective, and are all of them of a strong and decided character. In some of his finer hymns his tone is high and his structure massive; in several others his plaintiveness is very tender, whilst very varied, and his rhythm is almost always perfect. The prominent features throughout are a clear vision, a firm faith, a positive reality, and an exulting hopefulness."

Toplady, Augustus Montague, the author of "Rock of Ages," was born at Farnham, Surrey, November 4, 1740. His father was an officer in the British army. His mother was a woman of remarkable piety. He prepared for the university at Westminster School, and subsequently was graduated at Trinity College, Dublin. While on a visit in Ireland in his sixteenth year he was awakened and converted at a service held in a barn in Codymain. The text was Ephesians ii. 13: "But now, in Christ Jesus, ye who sometimes were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ." The preacher was an illiterate but warm-hearted layman named Morris. Concerning this experience Toplady wrote: "Strange that I, who had so long sat under the means of grace in England, should be brought nigh unto God in an obscure part of Ireland, amidst a handful of God's people met together in a barn, and under the ministry of one who could hardly spell his name. Surely this is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous." In 1758, through the influence of sermons preached by Dr. Manton on the seventeenth chapter of John, he became an extreme Calvinist in his theology, which brought him later into conflict with Mr. Wesley and the Methodists. He was ordained to the ministry in the Church of England in 1762, and in 1768 he became vicar of Broadhembury, a small living in Devonshire, which he held until his death. The last two or three years of his life he passed in London, where he preached in a chapel on Orange Street. His last sickness was of such a character that he was able to make a repeated and emphatic dying testimony. A short time before his death he asked his physician what he thought. The reply was that his pulse showed that his heart was beating weaker every day. Toplady replied with a smile: "Why, that is a good sign that my death is fast approaching; and, blessed be God, I can add that my heart beats stronger and stronger every day for glory." To another friend he said: "O, my dear sir, I cannot tell you the comforts I feel in my soul; they are past expression. . . . My prayers are all converted into praise." He died of consumption August 11, 1778. His volume of Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Worship was published in 1776. Of the four hundred and nineteen hymns which it contained, several were his own productions.

Tuttiett, Lawrence, a clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Colyton, Devonshire, in 1825; educated at King's College, London; entered the ministry in 1848; vicar of Lea Marston, Warwickshire, 1854-60; incumbent of Episcopal Church of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1870-80; became prebendary in St. Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, 1880. He died May 21, 1897. Among his published volumes are Hymns for Churchmen, 1854, and Hymns for the Children of the Church, 1862. "Mr. Tuttiett's hymns," says Dr. Julian, "are characterized by smoothness of rhythm, directness of aim, simplicity of language, and deep earnestness."

Unknown. Some of our finest hymns are of unknown origin. The authors had such humble opinion of their work as to feel that it was not worth while to attach their names to their own productions. True worth and greatness are often unconscious of themselves. Of many of our greatest hymns of known authorship it is recorded that when their authors wrote them they had no thought whatever of writing anything of interest or value to others, and least of all anything that would be used in public worship; but, on the contrary, they were simply writing to give expression to their own religious experiences, feelings, and aspirations. (See notes under Nos. 272, 334, 460, 498, and 702.) A hymn of unknown authorship stands absolutely upon its merits, and it is therefore an even higher tribute to the merits of a hymn to admit it to a hymnal if its authorship be unknown than is the case where the authorship is known. After all, the song, and not the singer, is the precious thing to remember. As Mrs. Ellen H. Gates has said:

That song alone can hope to live forever that has its real and true elements of immortality not in its author but in itself, in its own power to awaken the spirit of devotion and inspire adoration and praise. In the following list of hymns we place not only those whose authorship is absolutely unknown, but also those hymns which, although accredited on circumstantial evidence to the hymn-writers whose names are given, are nevertheless of uncertain authorship. Some of the hymns in this list are translations by well-known writers from the Latin or other languages, the authorship of the originals alone being unknown.

Van Alstyne, Mrs. Fanny Crosby. See Crosby, Fanny.

Vokes, Mrs., is a hymn writer concerning whom very little is known. Some of her hymns are found in a Selection of Missionary and Devotional Hymns, published in 1797 by Rev. J. Griffin, an English Congregational minister, and several of these are reproduced in J. Dobell's New Selection of Seven Hundred Evangelical Hymns, 1806. In W. B. Collyer's Collection, 1812, there are seven hymns signed "Mrs. Vokes." While the hymn beginning "Soon may the last glad song arise" is generally accredited to Mrs. Vokes, Dr. Julian, our greatest authority in hymnology, says he has been unable to find any definite and satisfactory evidence that she wrote it. We find the name of this writer spelled "Voke" in some volumes.

Walford, William W., a blind preacher of England, is the author of the hymn beginning "Sweet hour of prayer." This hymn first appeared in print in the New York Observer September 13, 1845. The contributor who furnished the hymn says:

During my residence at Coleshill, Warwickshire, England, I became acquainted with W. W. Walford, the blind preacher, a man of obscure birth and connections and no education, but of strong mind and most retentive memory. In the pulpit he never failed to select a lesson well adapted to his subject, giving chapter and verse with unerring precision, and scarcely ever misplacing a word in his repetition of the Psalms, every part of the New Testament, the prophecies, and some of the histories, so as to have the reputation of knowing the whole Bible by heart."

Rev. Thomas Salmon, who was settled as the pastor of the Congregational Church at Coleshill in 1838, remained until 1842, and then removed to the United States, is believed to have been the contributor who says of the hymn: "I rapidly copied the lines with my pencil as he uttered them, and send them for insertion in the Observer if you think them worthy of preservation."

Ware, Henry, a Unitarian minister and professor of theology, was born at Hingham, Mass., April 21, 1794; graduated at Harvard College in 1812, and taught school for two or three years in Exeter Academy; was licensed to preach in the Unitarian Church in 1815; became pastor of the Second Unitarian Church of Boston in 1817, and in 1829, his health being impaired, Ralph Waldo Emerson was called in to be his assistant pastor. In 1830 he became Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology in the Cambridge Theological School, continuing there until 1842, when he resigned. He died at Framingham September 25, 1843. Four years after his death his works were collected and publish in four volumes. He wrote a large number of hymns, about a dozen or more of which are possessed of more than ordinary excellence and are in common use, particularly among Unitarians.

Waring, Anna Lvetitia, the daughter of Elijah Waring and niece of Samuel Miller Waring, the hymn writer, was born at Neath, in Southern Wales, in 1820. As late as 1893 she was living at Clifton, near Bristol, England. Her Hymns and Meditations were published in London in 1853. This book was republished in Philadelphia in 1859 by "The Association of Friends for the Diffusion of Religious and Useful Knowledge," and again in Boston in 1863. The volume contains only thirty-two pieces, and three of these are in this Hymnal. "The tone of spiritual thought and feeling in most of the pieces is very lofty and very pure. The ideas of a Christian life which are wrought into the poetry are always both strong and tender, vigorous and gentle, brave and trustful." We hope to obtain additional facts concerning Miss Waring for insertion in later editions of this volume.

Warner, Anna Bartlett, daughter of Henry W. Warner and sister of Susan Warner (1819-85), the authoress, was born in 1820 at Martlaer, West Point, New York. She is the author of some fifteen or twenty volumes. She edited Hymns of the Church Militant, 1858. Her first volume, Say and Seal, 1859, prepared in association with her sister, contained one of the most popular hymns for young people ever written in America, beginning:

In 1869 she published Wayfaring Hymns, Original and Translated. The titles of her successive volumes (most of which have been published under the pen name of "Amy Lothrop") may be found in any biography of American authors. She resides at Martlaer's Rock, West Point, N. Y.

Warren, Willis Fairfield, is the Dean Emeritus of the Theological School of Boston University. He was born at Williamsburg, Mass., March 13, 1833; is a graduate of Wesleyan University. After a few years spent in teaching and preaching, he became a professor at Bremen, Germany, 1861-66. Returning to America, he was elected acting President of Boston Theological School, which place he held until 1873, when he was elected President of Boston University, a position which he held with distinction for thirty years. He is the author of numerous published volumes. Dr. Warren resides at Brookline, Mass.

Waterbury, Jared Bell, a Congregational minister, was born in New York City August 11, 1799. He was graduated at Yale College in 1822, and subsequently studied theology at Princeton. He was a pastor in Hudson, N. Y., in Boston, and elsewhere. His active and useful life closed in Brooklyn December 31, 1876. He contributed several hymns to The Christian Lyre, New York, 1830, which was compiled by the Rev. Joshua Leavitt.

Wells, Marcus Morris, is the author of one of our most popular modern hymns on the Holy Spirit and also the composer of the tune to which it is universally sung. Beyond the published date of his birth (1815) and his death (1895) and the statement that he was a lawyer living in the State of New York, we have no facts concerning him. It is hoped that some facts may be learned about him which may be incorporated in later editions of this volume. The date assigned to the hymn by Mr. Ira D. Sankey is 1858. It is to be regretted that we have not other hymns and tunes from one who can write devotional poetry and music such as that represented by the single hymn and tune which we have here from his pen.

Wesley, Charles, has been called "the poet of Methodism," but this designation is too narrow for him. He might more properly be called the poet of Christendom, for the entire Christian world is indebted to him for many of its most valuable hymns. For the first place among English hymn writers he has never had but one competitor. Hymnologists have sometimes instituted a comparison between the hymns of Wesley and those of Watts. Some have given the preference to one, and some to the other. We must remember that these men were not rivals. They were too good, too great, and too unlike to be antagonists. They were both princes--aye, kings--of song, but each in his own realm. Watts's great theme was divine majesty, and no one approaches him in excellence upon this subject. Wesley's grandest theme was love--the love of God--and here he had no rival. Charles Wesley was born in Epworth, England, December 18, 1707. He was educated at Westminster School and Oxford University, where he took his degree in 1728. It was while a student at Christ Church College that Wesley and a few associates, by strict attention to duty and exemplary conduct, won for themselves the derisive epithet of "Methodists." He was ordained a priest in the Church of England in 1735, and that same year he sailed with his brother John as a missionary to Georgia, but soon returned to England. He was not converted, according to his own statement, until Whitsunday, May 21, 1738. (See note under No. 1.) On that day he received a conscious knowledge of sins forgiven, and this event was the real beginning of his mission as the singer of Methodism. He tells his own experience beautifully in the hymn beginning:

Charles Wesley's hymns may be generally classified as follows: Hymns of Christian experience ("O for a thousand tongues to sing" is an example); invitation hymns (of which "Come, sinners, to the gospel feast" is a good specimen); sanctification hymns ("O for a heart to praise my God" is one of them); funeral hymns ("Rejoice for a brother deceased"); and hymns on the love of God, a subject on which he never became weary. "Wrestling Jacob" represents the last class. But it is preëminently in portraying the various phases of experimental religion--conviction of sin, penitence, saving faith, pardon, assurance, entire sanctification--that Charles Wesley is quite without a peer among hymn writers. His songs have been one of the most potent forces in Methodism since its organization. Nor was he a singer alone, but as an itinerant preacher he was a busy and earnest colaborer with his brother John. After his marriage, in 1749, his itinerant labors were largely restricted to London and Bristol. He died March 29, 1788. "After all," says Dr. John Julian, the greatest authority in English Hymnology, "it was Charles Wesley who was the great hymn writer of the Wesley family, and perhaps, taking quantity and quality into consideration, the great hymn writer of all ages." Of the six thousand and five hundred hymns by Charles Wesley (all of which were written after his conversion), this collection contains one hundred and twenty-one. (See page 451 for a complete list of the poetical publications of John and Charles Wesley.)

Wesley, Samuel, the son of Rev. John Wesley and the father of John and Charles Wesley, was born in 1662. While an academy student Wesley expected to enter the ministry of the Dissenters. The change in his opinions was a little remarkable. Some one had written severely against the Dissenters, and Mr. Samuel Wesley was appointed to reply. This led him to a course of reading which in the end resulted differently from what was expected. He left the Dissenters and attached himself to the Established Church. Entering Exeter College, Oxford, as a servitor, he was graduated in 1688. Ordained soon after, he served as curate in several places. In 1696 he dedicated his Life of Christ, an Heroic Poem, to Queen Mary, who presented him with the living at Epworth, where he remained until his death, April 22, 1735. In 1689, he married Susanna Annesley, whose fame has gone wherever Christian motherhood is honored. They had nineteen children, nine of whom died in infancy. He published The Old and New Testaments Attempted in Verse in 1716, and had just finished at the time of his death a volume of learned Dissertations on the Book of Job. His oldest son, Samuel Wesley, Jr., was also a hymn writer of some note. On December 1, 1730, he wrote the following: "I hear my son John has the honor of being styled 'the father of the holy club.' If it be so, I must be the grandfather of it; and I need not say that I had rather any of my sons should be so dignified and distinguished than to have the title of 'His Holiness.'"

West, Robert Athow, an English-American Methodist layman, editor, and author, was born at Thetford, England, in 1809; came to this country in 1843; was the official reporter of the important and historic session of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1844. Mr. West was a member of a committee of seven appointed by the General Conference of 1848 to prepare a standard edition of the hymn book which appeared later as Hymns for the Use of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1849. To this volume he contributed two hymns, one of which is that found in this collection. From 1846 to 1849 he edited the Columbia Magazine (New York). In 1858 he became editor of the New York Commercial Advertiser. He also published Sketches of Wesleyan Preachers, 1848, and A Father's Letters to His Daughter, 1865. He died at Georgetown, D. C., February 1, 1865.

White, Henry Kirke, a gifted English poet who died early in life, was born in Nottingham, England, March 21, 1785. Very early he manifested a remarkable love for books and a decided talent for composition. But his parents were poor, and he was apprenticed in early boyhood to a stocking weaver, from which uncongenial servitude he escaped as soon as he could and began the study of law; but later he was converted and felt called to the ministry. The story of his conversion from deism to Christianity is briefly but beautifully told in the poem titled "The Star of Bethlehem." He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1805 as a servitor; but died October 19, 1806, in the second year of his college course, when only twenty-one years of age. In 1803 he published a small volume of poems. Some of them are very fine, but no doubt he would have produced others far better if he had lived to the ordinary age of man. His rare poetic genius, his victory over skepticism and subsequent faith and piety, his hard struggle with poverty and early death invest the story of his life with more than ordinary pathos. His hymns, ten in number, appeared in Collyer's Collection, 1812.

Whittier, John Greenleaf, commonly known as the "Quaker Poet," was born at Haverhill, Mass., December 17, 1807; and died at Hampton Falls, N. H., September 7, 1892. Beginning life as a farmer boy and village shoemaker, and with only a limited education, he entered the profession of journalism in 1828, becoming that year editor of the American Manufacturer, published in Boston, and in 1830 editor of the New England Review. In 1836 he became Secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society and editor of its official organ, the Freeman. In Boston, Hartford, Haverhill, Philadelphia, and Washington he pursued his profession successfully for about twenty years, after which, beginning with 1847, he became the corresponding editor of the National Era in Washington, D. C. He was a strong advocate for the freedom of the slaves, and his pen both as journalist and poet was ever at the call of the cause that was so near to his heart. The Quaker poet was as much opposed to war as he was to slavery. With the rigid and narrow type of Calvinistic theology that so long dominated New England he had no sympathy, but felt that a part of his mission as a poet was to rebuke and refute a theology which he felt to be a caricature upon the heart and character of God. Many of his poems are described as "rhetoric on fire with emotion." In his religious poems he always magnified the goodness and love of God for man and man's love for and service of his fellow-man as that which proves far better than creeds and ceremonies could that one possesses the Christian character. Whittier's poems are pervaded by the ethical and religious element more largely, perhaps, than is true of the writings of any other great English poet of modern times. From 1824 to the year of his death (1892) he wrote and published poems singly in periodicals and collectively in book form. From these poems about seventy-five hymns have been made by selecting verses of religious and devotional sentiments. Our Hymnal contains seven of his hymns:

Williams, Helen Maria, was born in the North of England in 1762. She published a volume of poems when only twenty-one years old, and in 1786 her Poems appeared in two small volumes. She visited Paris in 1788, and lived there for some years with a sister who had married a French Protestant. This was during the period of the Revolution and the Reign of Terror. She was an outspoken republican in her sympathies, and was imprisoned by Robespierre because of some of her utterances in advocacy of the Girondist cause, being released from prison only after his death, in 1794. Her Letters from France (1790 and 1795) were published in England, America, and France. They dealt with political, religious, and literary questions, and showed her to be a woman of more than ordinary intellectual strength. She published many volumes between 1786 and 1823, when her last volume appeared, titled Poems on Various Occasions, being a collection of all her previously published poems. She lived partly in England, but mostly in France, though the closing years of her life were spent in Holland in the home of a nephew who lived at Amsterdam and was pastor of the reformed Church there. Her death occurred at Paris December 14, 1827.

Williams, William, has been called "the Watts of Wales." He was born in 1717. His "awakening" was due to an open-air sermon by the famous Welsh preacher, Howell Harris. Williams received deacon's orders in the Established Church, but subsequently became a preacher in the Calvinistic Methodist connection. As an evangelistic preacher he was popular and successful, abounding in labors and exercising a wide influence among the Welsh. He died January 11, 1791.

Willis, Nathaniel Parker, the well-known American poet and man of letters, was born at Portland, Me., January 20, 1807; graduated at Yale in 1827; followed a literary life with great success, publishing many volumes, one of poems; died at his beautiful home, "Idlewild," near Newburg-on-the-Hudson, January 29, 1867. He published a volume of Sacred Poems in 1843. His sister, Mrs. Parton, was a writer widely known under the nom de plume of "Fanny Fern."

Winchester, Caleb Thomas, an educator and author, the son of Rev. George F. Winchester, was born at Montville, Conn., January 18, 1847; graduated at Wesleyan University with the A.D. degree in 1869, in which institution he has been Professor of English Literature since 1873. He has delivered courses of lectures at Amherst, Princeton, Johns Hopkins, and other universities. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Literature from Dickinson College in 1892. He is the author of several scholarly volumes, among them Some Principles of Literary Criticism, 1899; Life of John Wesley, 1906; A Group of English Essayists, 1910. He was a member of the Joint Commission that prepared this Hymnal. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He resides at Middletown, Conn., the seat of Wesleyan University.

Winckler, John Joseph, a German Pietist, was born at Luckau, in Saxony, December 23, 1670. He was at first a pastor at Magdeburg, then a chaplain in the Protestant army, accompanying the troops to Holland and Italy, and at length returned to Magdeburg and became chief minister of the cathedral. He was no less eminent for his mental culture than for his piety. He was a preacher and writer who had the courage of his convictions, and this quality is notably manifest in the hymn by him found in this collection. He died August 11, 1722.

Winkworth, Catherine, an English poetess unusually gifted as a translator of hymns, was a member of the Church of England. She was born in London September 13, 1829. Much of her early life was spent near Manchester, the family moving later to Clifton, near Bristol. She made a specialty of translations from the German. She was the author of the following books: Lyra Germanica (first series, 1855; second series, 1858); The Chorale Book for England, 1863; Christian Singers of Germany, 1869. She died suddenly of heart disease at Monnetier, Savoy, July, 1878. Dr. James Martineau said: "Her translations contained in these volumes are invariably faithful and, for the most part, both terse and delicate; and an admirable art is applied to the management of complex and difficult versification." "Miss Winkworth," says Dr. Julian, "although not the earliest of modern translators of German into English, is certainly the foremost in rank and popularity." She possessed great intellectual and social gifts, and was deeply interested in the higher education of women. Six of her translations have a place in this volume.

Wolcott, Samuel, a Congregational clergyman, was born at South Windsor, Conn., July 2, 1813; graduated at Yale in 1833 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1837; was missionary in Syria in 1840-42, after which time he served as pastor in various towns and cities, including Providence, R. I., Chicago, Ill., and Cleveland, Ohio, and later served for some time as Secretary of the Ohio Home Missionary Society. He then retired from active work, and died February 24, 1886. Although he did not begin writing hymns until late in life, he wrote altogether some two hundred hymns, about a dozen of which are found in modern Church hymnals.

Woodhull, Alfred Alexander, a physician, the son of Rev. George S. Woodhull, a Presbyterian minister, was born at Cranbury, N. J., March 25, 1810; graduated at Princeton in 1828, and soon after began the study of medicine. He received the degree of M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. After a year as a resident physician in a hospital in Philadelphia, he began the practice of his profession at Marietta, Pa., removing in 1835 to Princeton, where within a year he contracted a fever which occasioned his death October 5, 1836. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church. Although but twenty-six years of age, he had so secured the confidence of his fellows, both as a Christian man and a skilled physician, that his death was greatly lamented.

Wordsworth, Christopher, a bishop of the Church of England, was born October 30, 1807, at Lambeth, England, his father, Christopher Wordsworth, being rector of the parish. He distinguished himself in athletics as well as in scholarship at Winchester. Entering Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1826, he won numerous university honors, graduating in 1830, after which he served as fellow, lecturer, and public orator in the college. In 1836 he became Headmaster of Harrow School, working in the school during his incumbency a moral reform which filled many students in the school with enthusiastic admiration. He was appointed a canon of Westminster in 1844, which offee he continued to fill during the nineteen years of his residence in Berkshire as the rector of a quiet country parish, living four months of each year in London, as was made necessary by his canonry. He was appointed Bishop of Lincoln in 1869, which office he held for fifteen years, resigning only a few months before his death, March 20, 1885. He, was a nephew of the poet William Wordsworth, with whom his relations were most intimate. He was a voluminous author, among his works being a Commentary on the Whole Bible (1856-70), a Church History (1881-83), and a volume of hymns titled The Holy Year, 1862. "This last-named volume," says Prebendary Overton, in Julian's Dictionary, "contains hymns not only for every season of the Church's year, but for every phase of that season, as indicated in the Book of Common Prayer. Like the Wesleys, he looked upon hymns as a valuable means of stamping permanently upon the memory the great doctrines of the Christian Church. He held it to be the first duty of a hymn writer to teach sound doctrine, and thus to save souls." Of Bishop Wordsworth's one hundred and twenty-seven hymns, about fifty are in common use.

Wreford, John Reynell, an English Unitarian minister, was born December 12, 1800, at Barnstaple; educated at Manchester College, and in 1826 became pastor of a Church in Birmingham. In 1831, on account of the failure of his voice, he withdrew from the active work of the ministry and, in canjunction with Rev. Hugh Hutton, established a school at Edgbaston. He wrote a History of Presbyterian Nonconformity in Birmingham, 1832, and Lays of Loyalty, 1837. He contributed fifty-five hymns to Rev. J. R. Beard's Collection, 1837. His most popular and valuable hymn is the one given in this book. The last years of his life were spent in retirement at Bristol, where he died in 1891.

Xavier, Francis, a noted Jesuitic missionary of the Roman Catholic Church, was born of a noble family at the Castle of Xavier, near Pampeluna, in Spain, April 7, 1506. While at the University of Paris he came under the influence of Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the order of Jesuits. He was of an ardent and earnest religious temperament, full of zeal and courage. He was one of the greatest missionary spirits that ever lived, visiting India, Travancore, Ceylon, Malacca, Japan, and dying on his way to China December 22, 1552. He was in due time canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. While it is not certain that Xavier wrote the hymn here accredited to him, it must be said that the tradition that he wrote it is of long standing. Not only does Edward Caswall, the translator, accredit it to him, but both the editor and the assistant editor of Julian's Dictionary also decide in favor of his probable authorship. "The Latin form," says Mearns, "is probably by Xavier or by some German Jesuit." "This hymn," says Julian, "breathes Xavier's abnegation of self in every word, his spirit in every line."

Zinzendorf, Count Nicolaus Ludwig, the founder of the religious community of Herrnhut and the apostle of the United Brethren, was born at Dresden May 26, 1700. It is not often that noble blood and worldly wealth are allied with true piety and missionary zeal. Such, however, was the case with Count Zinzendorf. Spener, the father of Pietism, was his godfather; and Franke, the founder of the famous Orphan House, in Halle, was for several years his tutor. In 1731 Zinzendorf resigned all public duties and devoted himself to missionary work. He traveled extensively on the Continent, in Great Britain, and in America, preaching "Christ, and him crucified," and organizing societies of Moravian brethren. John Wesley is said to have been under obligation to Zinzendorf for some ideas on singing, organization of classes, and Church government. Zinzendorf was the author of some two thousand hymns. Many of them are of little worth, but a few are very valuable, full of gospel sweetness and holy fervor. He died at Herrnhut May 6, 1760.